|
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese|
CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Tulip. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Tulip, Tulipa. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Tulip (Tulipa) Family: Liliaceae (Liliaceae) Origin: central Asia Area: Plants of the genus Tulip are common in the Northern Hemisphere, mainly in Eurasia. Economic value: Tulips are popular flowers and are grown for bouquets and landscaping. Legends, myths, symbolism: In ancient mythology, dill was considered a sacred plant and was used in religious ceremonies. It was believed that the plant has magical properties and can bring good luck and prosperity. In symbolism, dill is associated with purity and innocence. The plant is believed to help cleanse the mind and body of negative energies and bring light and clarity to life. In folk customs, dill was used to expel evil spirits and protect against harmful influences. It was believed that the plant helps provide protection from negative energy and attract good luck.
Tulip, Tulipa. Description, illustrations of the plant Tulip. Legends, myths, history
The first written mention of the tulip dates back to the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. His images were found in the handwritten Bible of the time. In the language of flowers, a tulip means a declaration of love, and this is preceded by the legend of the Persian prince Farhad. Unrememberedly in love with the beautiful girl Shirin, the prince dreamed of a happy life with his beloved. However, envious rivals started a rumor that his beloved was killed. Mad with grief, Farhad drove his frisky horse onto the rocks and crashed to death. It was in the place where the blood of the unfortunate prince hit the ground that bright red flowers grew, from now on the symbol of passionate love is tulips. Turkish legend of the yellow tulip. For a long time there was a belief that the bud of a yellow tulip contains the strongest energy and the one who can open it will become happy. However, there was no such person who would be able to open this most delicate bud, which rested on a thin green stem and was blown by the winds of the mountain slope. But one day a mother with her little son came to this slope for a walk. The boy saw a beautiful flower for the first time and ran to it, wanting to take a closer look at the strange and beautiful plant. When the boy approached the tulip, his face lit up with a smile, and an echo echoed along the slope, repeating the sonorous children's laughter. The tulip opened up to a sincere smile, children's laughter did what no earthly force could do. Since that time, it is customary to give tulips to everyone who is happy. For a holiday or just because, donated flowers give a good mood, and even more so beautiful and as different as tulips. And who, if not tulips, announces to us the arrival of the long-awaited spring, warm and sunny weather, light and high spirits? Amateur gardeners also like tulips because, having left their garden in the evening with neatly planted flower bulbs, a week later they find it already in a riot of yellow-red colors. Well, or those colors that they wanted to see when planting flowers. After all, tulips are an endless variety of colors, shades, varieties and aromas. And, of course, tulips are considered a symbol of pure and true love. The birthplace of a tulip is the territory of modern Kazakhstan, where they are still found in the wild. The first country where tulips were introduced into culture, most likely, was Persia. Now it is difficult to establish which species were the ancestors of the first plants. From Persia, tulips came to Turkey, where they were called "lale". The name Laile is still the most popular female name in the countries of the East. By the 300th century, about XNUMX varieties of tulips were already known. Europeans first got acquainted with the tulip in Byzantium, where the tulip is still one of the symbols of the successor of the Byzantine Empire - Turkey. In 1554, the envoy of the Austrian emperor in Turkey, Ollie de Busbecome, sent a large consignment of bulbs and tulip seeds to Vienna. At first they were grown in the Vienna Garden of Medicinal Plants, the director of which was Professor of Botany K. Clusius. Engaged in selection, Clusius sent seeds and bulbs to all his friends and acquaintances. In the 60s of the XNUMXth century, merchants and merchants brought them to Austria, France, and Germany. Since that time, the triumphant conquest of Europe by tulips began. Initially, tulips were bred at the royal courts, they became a symbol of wealth and nobility, they began to be collected.
Passionate lovers of tulips were Richelieu, Voltaire, the Austrian emperor Franz II, the French king Louis XVIII. In Holland, the first specimens of tulipa gesneriana appeared in 1570, when C. Clusius came to work in Holland by invitation and, along with other plants, captured tulip bulbs. This was the beginning of a mad passion for tulips of an entire people, known as tulip mania. For rare specimens of this flower, they paid from 2000 to 4000 florins; there is a story about one copy, for which the buyer gave an entire beer hall worth 30 flores. Prices were set on the Harlem Stock Exchange, where tulips became the subject of speculation. At the beginning of the 000th century, more than 10 million florins were traded for tulips in three years. The origin of the black tulip is associated with the order of black residents of Harlem for just such a variety, which was supposed to personify the beauty of people with black skin. A very worthy reward was announced to the one who brings out such a flower. They fought over this order for a long time, and in 1637, on May 15, a black tulip appeared. On the occasion of his birth, a magnificent ceremony was held with the participation of royal people, botanists and flower growers from all over the world were invited to the celebration. The holiday was accompanied by a carnival procession, and the flower was paraded in a crystal vase. After this event, bulbs of rare varieties began to be worth their weight in gold. Following the Netherlands, all of Europe was carried away by the cultivation of tulips and the breeding of new varieties. Alexandre Dumas, in the Vicomte de Bragelonne, describes how Louis XIV presented his mistress with "a Harlem tulip with grayish-purple petals, which cost the gardener five years of labor, and the king five thousand livres." In Rus', wild types of tulips were known as early as the 1702th century, but bulbs of varieties of garden tulips were first brought to Russia during the reign of Peter I in XNUMX from Holland. In Russia, Prince Vyazemsky, Countess Zubova, P. A. Demidov, Count Razumovsky were passionate lovers and collectors of flowers. Tulip bulbs were expensive at that time, since they were imported from abroad until the end of the XNUMXth century and were grown in the estates of only wealthy people. From the end of the XNUMXth century, their industrial production was organized directly in Russia, on the coast of the Caucasus, in Sukhumi. However, the culture of tulips in Russia has not received such great development as in Western Europe. Author: Martyanova L.M. Tulip. Botanical description, plant history, legends and folk traditions, cultivation and use
No matter how beautiful the tulip is in its color, no matter how original its shape, but, in a strange way, for some reason neither Greek nor Roman mythology created any legend about it. And this is all the more strange that tulips in the wild grow in abundance on the sacred mountain of Ida, in Greece, where they could not fail to notice both the inhabitants themselves and all those who were the creators of mythology. We meet the first information about this lovely flower in Persia. In this country of legends and songs about the rose, the original tulip flower in the form of a lantern or a goblet could not go unnoticed and was called "dulbash" - a Turkish turban, from which the word "turban" was subsequently derived, as well as the Russian name of the flower - "tulip". It was sung by many Persian poets, and especially by the famous Hafiz, who says that neither the gentle movements of the cypress, nor even the rose itself, can compare with the virgin charm of the tulip. But the tulip was even more loved in the East by the Turks, whose wives bred it in abundance in seraglios, where for many of them, perhaps, it even reminded them of their childhood, homeland, lost freedom. As a result of all this, probably, a wonderful, magical festival of tulips was celebrated annually in the seraglios, which the Sultan looks at as a flattering proof of the disposition towards himself and the love of his wives. On this day, the whole seraglio takes on an enchanting appearance. All its gardens, all its halls are decorated with a countless number of intricately hung multi-colored lanterns of tulips, which, being lit in the evening, shine like in some extravaganza with thousands of thousands of lights. All the paths of the gardens are covered with precious colorful carpets, the most subtle perfumes spout fountains and spread their wondrous scent everywhere, and on the hills, in the most conspicuous place, thousands of the most diverse, rarest varieties of tulips are exhibited in a beautiful pattern, amazing shapes and lovely colors that enchant the eyes. . At the same time, invisible orchestras are placed in different corners of the garden, playing either cheerful or sad motives. When everything is arranged in this way, the richly dressed favorite wives of the Sultan go after him, lead him in a solemn procession to gardens decorated as in fairy tales, show him the most beautiful varieties of their tulips, explain the tender names given to him in honor of him, tell him what a symbolic this or that name has a meaning in relation to him and to themselves, and they generally try to draw his attention to these flowers and make them fall in love. This is followed by a rich feast of various oriental sweets, oriental drinks, furnished with the most charming dances and singing, and the Sultan leaves the seraglio, enchanted, intoxicated with the charm of the marvelous tulip festival, which took him for several hours to the fabulous land of the Thousand and One Nights. In such a poetic form, surrounded by dreams, the tulip appears among the inhabitants of the East. We find it in a completely different, prosaic form in Western Europe. He came here only in 1559, and first of all to Augsburg, where his first bulbs were sent by the German ambassador to the Turkish court, Busbeck. And he got acquainted with him during his journey through Syria in Hardin, on the border with the northern part of Arabia, where in the middle of winter he saw him in full bloom along with daffodils. In the same year, the tulip appeared for the first time in bloom in Augsburg at Senator Herwart, and six years later it adorned the wonderful gardens of the famous medieval rich Fuggers, where it was seen and described as a remarkable rarity by the famous Konrad Gesner. (K. Gesner (1516 - 1565) - a doctor, naturalist, traveler from Zurich, one of the most educated people of his time, he was also called the "father of bibliography". An extensive family of tropical plants, the Gesneriaceae, is named after him.) From here, the tulip spread throughout Europe. In 1573, we see him already in Vienna at the famous scientist Clusius, who became so interested in this new stranger that he began to enthusiastically collect all of his known varieties. His example was followed by many wealthy Viennese gardeners, who began to write out tulip bulbs from Turkey for huge money to decorate their gardens with them. The appearance in one of them of a new variety in color aroused indescribable envy in others and even at night did not give rest to lovers who did not possess them. Little by little, many royal people began to get involved in tulips in Germany. Especially the great elector of Brandenburg Friedrich-Wilhelm, who at the beginning of the 216th century collected an already huge collection for that time - 71 varieties and instructed his court physician Elsholz to compile an album of drawings of the most original and valuable of them. This rare album, containing 1661 drawings, with a preface written in Latin, was completed in XNUMX and is kept in the public library of Berlin. Among other high-ranking persons who were passionately fond of tulips, we also point out the Margrave of Baden-Durlach, who collected a collection of 1740 varieties in 360, and Count Pappenheim, who, according to his contemporaries, had such a collection of up to 500 varieties. At the same time, the charm of new varieties was aggravated by the custom, which had begun to come into fashion, to give these varieties the names of crowned persons, persons and cities outstanding in their social and state position ... Such a hobby, which cost a lot of money, was not slow to give rise, of course, to fakes, and as soon as the gardener of some rich amateur bred a new variety, completely different, often even old, varieties appeared on the market under the same name and were sold, under the greatest secret, gullible lovers for big money. Among the passionate lovers of tulips from other countries were also Richelieu, Voltaire, Marshal Biron, Austrian Emperor Franz II. And especially - the French king Louis XVIII. Already quite ill, he ordered to be transferred during the flowering of these plants from Saint-Cloud to the gardens of Sevres and spent whole hours there, admiring the variegation and varied colors of the flowers of the rich collection cultivated by his gardener Ecoffe. At one time, there were even lovely tulip festivals in Versailles, at which all the famous lovers and gardeners of that time gathered and competed with an exhibition of their new products and rarities. Valuable prizes were awarded for the best specimens. The famous French composer Mayul also loved them extraordinarily, for whom the culture of tulips represented the greatest pleasure in moments of rest from musical studies. His collection of tulips was one of the largest and most select collections of the early XNUMXth century.
But nowhere did the fascination with tulips reach such colossal proportions as in Holland. Calm by nature, prudent merchants and moderate people in general, the Dutch for no reason were so carried away by this flower that this hobby turned into a one-of-a-kind folk mania, which even in history received a separate characteristic name "tulpomania". The tulip appeared here only in 1634, and at first its cultivation was of a completely commercial nature. Noticing the passion for this flower of the Germans and other peoples, the prudent Dutch began to breed it in as many new varieties as possible, and the trade in its bulbs turned out to be so profitable that even people who had very little to do with gardening soon began to engage in it. Almost the entire population began to engage in it. The merchants at the head of Dutch trade were glad that such a new product had been found that enriched their homeland, and they tried in every possible way to support this new branch of industry, especially since, as it turned out, the Dutch soil was especially favorable for the cultivation of these bulbs. At first, this trade went so well that, not content with their cultures, enterprising Dutch merchants even bought tulip bulbs from neighboring Belgium, where monks and other clerics were especially diligent in breeding them in the monastery gardens in the city of Lille. Soon it came to the point that something like a game on the stock exchange was formed. Instead of bulbs of new varieties, they began to issue receipts for them in advance that their owner receives the right to purchase this variety, and then these receipts were resold at a higher price to others; these, in turn, tried to resell them at an even higher price to third parties - and all this without seeing the new variety that was being sold. At the same time, prices for such fantastic varieties reached incredible proportions. This game was supported by some happy accidents, such as the fact that, according to receipts accidentally acquired at a low price, really rare varieties were obtained, which, when sold, then gave large profits. Thus, for example, one poor clerk in Amsterdam, thanks to the combination of a number of happy circumstances, managed to become a rich man in just four months. Of course, speculators blew all the trumpets about such happy accidents, passing them off as the most ordinary phenomenon, and the number of simpletons who wanted to try their luck increased more and more. How widespread this kind of game was in Holland is already evidenced by the fact that at that time more than 10 million such tulip receipts were walking through the hands of the townsfolk. At the same time, the whole world could take part in this kind of trade, and everyone, wherever he lived, could get rich, since nothing was easier than buying a few tulip bulbs, planting them in a pot and, having received children from them, sell them for big money as a promising new rare variety. At that time, merchants in clay pots and wooden boxes also made big money, since apart from gardeners who specially cultivated tulips, everyone, both poor and rich, was engaged in tulip cultivation, if only there was a place for their cultivation. For the trade in these bulbs, as I have already said, there were special premises where sellers and buyers gathered on special market days and agreed on prices - in a word, something like an exchange. And the very word "exchange" (in German Borse), as they say, arose from the noble Flemish family of van der Berze, who lived in the city of Bruges, who ceded their luxurious premises for such meetings. On stock exchange days, these premises were meetings of many thousands, and what kind of audience there was, one could only marvel! There were millionaires, and counts, and barons, ladies, merchants, artisans, there were peasants, seamstresses, fishermen, fishermen, all kinds of servants and even children. The fever of profit was seized by all strata of society, everyone who had even a penny for his soul. Who didn’t have cash (there are whole notes in the chronicles about this), dragged his jewelry, dresses, home belongings, pledged his house, land, herd - in a word, everything, just to buy the coveted tulip bulbs and resell them for higher price. For one bulb, for example, of the "Semper Augustus" variety, 13.000 guilders were paid, for the bulb of the "Admiral Enkvitsen" variety - 6.000 florins ... Sales were made for some varieties, and even several documents were preserved in the history of this amazing exchange game, in one of which it appears that for the onion variety "Vice-roi" was paid: 24 quarters of wheat, 48 quarters of rye, 4 fat bulls, 8 pigs, 12 sheep, 2 barrels of wine, 4 barrels of beer, 2 barrels of oil, 4 pounds of cheese, a bunch of dresses and one silver goblet. And such deals were not uncommon. (A quarter is an old Russian measure of volume used for bulk substances, most often grains; it is approximately 17 buckets.) But in addition to such special exchanges, in every Dutch city all taverns, taverns and pubs, and all lovers of playing cards, dice - lovers of strong sensations, have now been turned into a kind of miniature exchanges, have turned into desperate players in tulip bulbs. At the same time, if a profitable deal concluded in one of these taverns brought good profit to all those who concluded it, then a rich feast was arranged in it, in which the first place belonged to the owner. And strange as it may seem, but in such places sometimes good fortunes and poor seamstresses, darners of lace, laundresses and similar people made up for themselves. Finally, in order to kindle still more passion for this game, cities like Haarlem, Leiden appointed from themselves huge, reaching several hundred thousand guilders, prizes for breeding a tulip of any known color and size, and if this task was carried out, the issuance of an award was accompanied by such magnificent festivities, to which people flocked from all the most remote outskirts in no less numbers than to the feast of the entry or coronation of sovereigns. So, for example, a description of the celebration regarding the award of a prize for breeding a black (black-lilac) tulip has come down to us. Prince William of Orange himself took part in this celebration. “May 15, 1673, we read in this description, early in the morning in Haarlem all the gardening societies of Haarlem, all gardeners and almost the entire population of the city gathered for this celebration. The weather was magnificent. The sun shone like in July. With the solemn sounds of music, the procession moved towards the town hall square. In front of everyone was the president of the Haarlem Horticultural Society, M. van Sistens, dressed all in black-violet velvet and silk (the color of a tulip), with a huge bouquet; he was followed by members of the learning societies, the magistrates of the city, the highest military ranks, the nobility and honorary citizens. The people stood on the sides with trellises. Among the cortege on a luxurious stretcher covered with white velvet, with a wide gold braid, four honorary members of the gardening carried the hero of the occasion - a tulip, flaunting in a magnificent vase. Behind him proudly stood the gardener who brought this miracle, and to the right of him they carried a huge suede purse containing the city's award for the breeding of this tulip - 100.000 gold guilders. Having reached the town hall square, where a grandiose stage was set up, all decorated with garlands of flowers, tropical plants and laudatory inscriptions, the procession stopped. Music played a solemn anthem, and twelve young Haarlem girls dressed in white carried the tulip to a high plinth placed next to the Stadt/Halter throne. At the same time, loud cries of the people were heard, announcing the arrival of the Prince of Orange. Having ascended the stage, accompanied by a brilliant retinue, the Prince of Orange addressed those present with a speech about the interest in gardening of obtaining a tulip of such a rare and peculiar color, and, having proclaimed the name of a distinguished gardener, handed him a parchment scroll on which his name was inscribed and merit, and a large sum donated to him by the city. There was no end to the delight of the people, and the lucky man was carried in triumph through the streets. The festivities ended with a grand feast given by the laureate to his friends and gardeners of Haarlem"... But among such people, as if possessed by a demon of profit, there were quite a few truly enthusiastic collectors who, in order to possess the only instance of any kind of tulip in the whole world, were ready to sacrifice everything.
It is said that one such passionate lover bought for a huge price the only copy of such a tulip, according to the seller, and, returning home, found out that another similar copy still exists in Haarlem. Beside himself with grief, he hurries to Haarlem, buys this second copy for crazy money, throws it on the ground and, trampling it with his feet, exclaims triumphantly: "Well, now my tulip is the only one in the world!" In general, along with the sad scenes, there were many comic ones. So, one sailor, seeing a tulip bulb lying on the counter of a grocery store and imagining that it was edible, put it in his pocket and left. And yet this bulb was one of the most precious. Noticing her loss, the owner guessed that, in all likelihood, she had been kidnapped by the sailor who had been standing in front of his counter a minute before, and rushed after him. He found the sailor already cutting an onion and preparing to have breakfast with it. In vain, the frightened sailor assured that the onion was not tasty at all and that he was ready to give it back, the merchant remained implacable. The police were called in, the sailor was put on trial and sentenced to six months' imprisonment. Another time, one young man, while talking, began to mechanically remove one peel after another from the onion and removed it completely. What was his horror when this bulb turned out to be the Van Eyck variety, famous at that time! Despite all the apologies, all the assurances that he did this without any malicious intent, only out of absent-mindedness, the owner did not want to listen to anything and brought the young man to court, which sentenced him to a fine of 4.000 guilders, and until the full payment of the fine, he should have been in jail. In a word, the passion for the stock market game with these onions and the price for them reached such colossal proportions that the Dutch government was forced to intervene in this matter and put an end to this dangerous and corrupting popular mores speculation. And so the representatives of the Dutch General States, meeting on April 27, 1637 in Haarlem, issued a law according to which all transactions in tulip bulbs were recognized as unconditionally harmful and any speculation was severely punished by them. Then sobered, partly by the suspension of payments, partly by the severity of the implementation of the law adopted by the government, the crowd began to gradually cool off in this game. Bulb prices began to drop rapidly, and soon the more cautious ones, having bailed out their money as soon as possible, hastened to prudently retreat, and the hotheads, as always happens, found themselves with bulbs that had lost all value in their hands. Thus ended this gamble on flowers, unparalleled in the annals of horticulture - a game that plunged many people into utter poverty and enriched mainly only swindlers. Interestingly, a curious monument of this tulpomania, which developed especially strongly from 1634 to 1637, was an inscription preserved on a slab on the wall of a house on Goora Street in Amsterdam, which says that two stone houses standing on this street (demolished in 1878) were bought in 1634 for 3 tulip bulbs. This plate was purchased by the famous Dutch gardener Kreelage and is kept in his museum. But if since then the tulip has lost all meaning for speculators, for lovers of the stock game and easy money, then it continued to be an object, on the one hand, of admiration, on the other, of reproach for poets and writers and played a significant role in aesthetics. Almighty even then, fashion everywhere demanded the image of a marvelous tulip. Drawings of the tulip covered all materials, its images were woven on the most expensive Brabant lace, and even appeared in oil paintings by modern Dutch painters. Even whole schools of flower drawing were formed, where the tulip played an outstanding role, and memories of this cult of the tulip have come down to our time in the paintings of such prominent artists as Van Huysum, Ferendal, Havermans, De Geer ... As for the tulip in poetry, the French poet of the XNUMXth century Boisjolin wrote a whole poem about him: "The Metamorphosis of the Tulip", where he sings, imitating Hafiz, a wonderful, charming girl, the mistress of his heart; and Alexandre Dumas père - the poetic novel "The Black Tulip", in which he depicts the role of this flower in Holland. But German writers look at him as a flower without a soul, a flower of external beauty, an emblem of an empty woman chasing only clothes. Afshprung speaks of the proud beauty: "Like a tulip, you have a lovely face, But like a tulip, you are empty." Kleist in his poem "Spring" treats him friendlier, but Goethe says about the tulip this way: "Never revere an empty ghost." In general, the Germans always treated the tulip somehow coldly and even mockingly called the ugly beer mug "tulpa"; under this name she was known at parties at Bismarck's.
The tulip is treated with much more poetry in England, where in fairy tales it always serves as a cradle for little elves and other tiny fantastic creatures. Thus, in Devonshire there is a tale in which it is told that the fairies, having no cradles for their little ones, put them at night in tulip flowers, where the wind shakes and cradles them. One day, the tale says, one woman, going at night with a lantern to her garden, where many tulips grew, saw in them several of these lovely crumbs asleep. She was so delighted with this unusual spectacle that in the same autumn she planted more tulips in her garden, so that soon there were enough of them to accommodate the babies of all the surrounding sorceresses. Then, on bright moonlit nights, she went there and admired these tiny creatures for hours, sleeping sweetly in satin cups of tulips gently swaying in a light breeze. At first, the fairies were alarmed, fearing that this unknown woman would harm their little ones, but then, seeing with what love she treats them, they calmed down and, wanting to thank her in turn for such kindness, gave her tulips the brightest color and wonderful, like roses, scent. And they blessed this woman and her house, so that she was accompanied in everything by happiness and success until her death. But this joy lasted for the fairies while she was alive; when she died, a very miserly relative inherited the house and garden. A greedy and heartless man, he first of all destroyed the garden, finding it unprofitable to plant flowers, and then planted a garden in it and planted it with parsley. Such a rude act greatly angered the little creatures, and every night, as soon as complete darkness came, they flocked in crowds from the neighboring forest and danced on vegetables, tearing and breaking their roots and covering their flowers with clouds of dust, so that for many years the vegetables could not grow, and even in parsley, all the leaves, as soon as they appeared, were always frayed, torn to tatters. Meanwhile, the grave where their former benefactress was buried was always wonderfully green and was covered with luxurious flowers. The splendid tulips, which were placed at the very head of it, shone with the brightest color, emitted a wonderful smell and bloomed until late autumn, when all other flowers had long since wilted. A few more years passed, and the stingy man was replaced by an even more callous, completely unaware of beauty, relative. He cut down all the surrounding forests and completely abandoned the grave. She was trampled under the feet of passers-by, the tulips were torn, broken, and the fairies had to move far from their native place. And since that time, the tale adds, all tulips have lost their outstanding color and smell and have retained them only so much as not to be completely abandoned by gardeners. In conclusion, I will say that if there was no legend about the luxurious oriental tulip, then there is the following interesting legend about our more modest yellow European relative. They say that at one time human happiness was enclosed in the golden tightly closed bud of this flower and that no one could get to it, although they tried by all means: some by force, some by cunning, some by spells. And the legend says, old and young, both healthy and crippled, went to this flower, kings with a brilliant retinue and beggars with sticks, rich, idle spenders and poor with callused hands, workers walked. Crowds came, crowds left ... but all in vain - happiness was not given to them. But one day a poor woman was passing through the meadow where such a flower grew. Pale, exhausted, she walked, leading her little boy by the hand, when suddenly she noticed from a distance a golden bud, about which she had heard so much. She did not, of course, think of revealing it, she knew that it was absolutely impossible, but she only wanted to look at the flower, which contained that happiness and the shadow of which she had not seen all her life and which she sighed more than once in the difficult moments of her life. . She slowly, slowly, with a sinking heart, approached him ... when suddenly her boy, seeing a brilliant bud, escaped from her hands and with a loud laugh, waving his arms, rushed to the flower. And - oh, a miracle! Oh surprise! - at the same moment the bud opened by itself ... What neither force nor spells were able to do was done by the cheerful, carefree laughter of a child, since childhood is really the only time of our whole life when real happiness peeps through at times. The tulip is also considered the same flower of happiness in the Thuringian mountains, in the village of Allendorf, where there was once a monastery. In the ruins of this monastery, as they say, a young girl dressed all in white wanders, and where she passes, this flower will bloom there. Most likely, these are echoes of what really happened: perhaps some monk planted tulips here. But the belief persists. One shepherd, they say, recently found such a tulip where this woman passed. Not knowing what to do with it, he plucked it and put it in his hat in order to present it to his fiancee or one of his relatives in the evening. But just at that moment the foal ran away. He chased him and looked for him almost until evening. And when he returned, he completely forgot about the flower and remembered it already at home. It was already too late to go back, and besides, most likely, he lost it already during the search for the foal. So he waved his hand - what can you do. But from that day on, he began to wither, wither, and two months later he was gone. Author: Zolotnitsky N. Tulip. Botanical description, plant history, legends and folk traditions, cultivation and use
When tulips bloom, the earth rejoices, and out of an excess of happiness, she hands out multi-colored glasses to everyone she meets: snow-white, and scorching scarlet, and velvety purple, and dark red, and yellow, ringing with sunlight. The earliest information about tulips refers to the literary works of Persia. Here the flower was known as "dulbash" or "turban" - Turkish turban. Many Persian poets sang the flower in their works, and Khafi said: "Even the rose itself cannot compare with its virgin charm." A legend about him came to us from ancient times. Happiness was contained in the golden bud of a yellow tulip. No one could reach this happiness, because there was no such force that could open its bud. But one day a woman with a child was walking through the meadow. The boy escaped from his mother's arms, ran up to the flower with a sonorous laugh, and the golden bud opened. Carefree childish laughter did what no power could do. Since then, it has become customary to give tulips only to those who experience happiness. In Istanbul and other cities of Turkey, tulip festivals were held annually, which resulted in colorful performances, and the most beautiful girl was elected queen of the solemn procession. In 1554, the envoy of the Austrian emperor Ogye de Piekbek saw flowers in the garden of the Turkish Sultan, which attracted his attention with grace and beauty. The ambassador bought a batch of bulbs and brought them to Vienna. Flowers come to the Hungarian Medicinal Plant Garden, which was directed by the Dutch botanist Earl del Eclu, better known as Clusius. He traveled a lot and observed the life of plants. He owns the Latin translation of Garcio de Orta's monograph on medicinal plants of India and the book of Nicholas Monardes on American plants. Soon tulips appear at the royal courts. Teak, in the 216th century Friedrich Wilhelm had 500, and Count Pappenheim - 71 new varieties of tulips. Even an album containing XNUMX flower drawings was compiled, which is now stored in the public library of Berlin. But the loud glory of tulips was yet to come. Not a single flower will become the subject of such passions, incredible stories and adventures. The merit of Clusius should be considered that in 1570 he brought a tulip bulb to the Dutch city of Leiden. The history of horticulture in Holland begins with the opening of the botanical garden of Leiden University, founded in 1587, within the walls of which the famous botanist and gardener Clusius began to work. The soil and climatic conditions of Holland (the word "Holland" means "Low Land") turned out to be very favorable for tulips. Many paintings, poems, legends and tales are dedicated to the tulip by Dutch artists and poets, but the true story is the most interesting. Tulips began to be bred on the streets and squares of Amsterdam and other cities of Holland, whole fields were sown with them, new varieties were bred, which were very expensive. So for some new varieties it was possible to buy houses and even entire estates. The excitement reached its peak in 1634-1637, when six thousand guilders were paid for one bulb of the Admiral Enkhusien variety, and thirteen thousand for a Semper Augustus bulb. “The flower of Holland, I am a young tulip, // And I am so beautiful that a Flemish miser will give // For a couple of bulbs the whole brilliance of the archipelago, // All Java, if my camp is fresh and proud,” wrote Theophile Gauthier. For the onion, the viceroy paid twenty-four quarters of wheat, forty-eight quarters of rye, four fat bulls, eight pigs, twelve sheep, two barrels of wine, four barrels of beer, two barrels of butter, four pounds of cheese, a bunch of dresses and a silver goblet. For an onion of the third grade they gave a carriage and a pair of horses. An old engraving depicting a white Guda tulip with red stains has been preserved. This tulip cost one and a half thousand guilders, which is indicated on the engraving. In Amsterdam on Goora Street in 1634, two stone houses were bought for three tulip bulbs, as evidenced by an inscription on a stone slab, which is kept in the local museum.
Now it's hard to believe, but in those days real passions raged around the tulip. So, the Negroes of Gaarlsma wanted to have their own black tulip and turned to all the botanists of the world with a request to fulfill their request. The winner was promised a reward of one hundred thousand gold guilders. This tulip was supposed to tell the world that black is no less beautiful than other recognized colors. And besides, he would be a symbol embodying the beauty of people of black skin. The botanists fought for a long time over the Haarlem order, and all to no avail; one failure after another haunted them. Botanists and gardeners, disappointed in numerous experiments, completely lost hope of success, and suddenly one of them grew a black tulip, like a southern night ... It carried the mystery of twilight and their mystery, and its plum-colored shade, as it were, reminded of soon approaching dawn. The lilac veil suited him so that blackness became beauty. In honor of the birth of an unusual black tulip on May 15, 1637, a grandiose holiday was announced. All leading botanists and gardeners of the world were invited to the celebrations. The holiday opened with a kind of carnival procession: men in black cassocks walked along the central street of Gaarlem, instead of torches, raising bright pink, white, red, orange and yellow tulips in their hands. Behind the men they carried a stretcher covered with snow-white velvet, in the center of which rose a crystal vase, and from the vase looked at the world, opening the surprised petals, a black-purple tulip ... Here is how the eyewitnesses described this event: “On May 15, 1637, all the Haarlem Horticultural Society gathered in Haarlem early in the morning. The weather was magnificent. The sun shone like in July. With the solemn sounds of music, the procession moved to the town hall. The President of the Haarlem Horticultural Society, M. Van, walked ahead of everyone -Sintss, dressed in black-violet velvet and silk the color of a tulip, with a huge bouquet.He was proudly followed by the gardener who brought this miracle, and to the right of him they carried a huge suede purse, which contained the city's award assigned for the development of this tulip - one hundred thousand guilders in gold. Having reached the Town Hall Square, where a stage was set up, decorated with garlands of flowers, the procession stopped. Music played a solemn anthem, and twelve young Haarlem girls dressed in white carried the tulip to a high pedestal placed next to the throne of the Prince of Orange. Walking out onto the stage, accompanied by a brilliant retinue, the prince addressed the people with a speech in which he congratulated the gardeners on breeding a black tulip, and then, proclaiming the name of the distinguished gardener, handed him an honorary parchment letter studded with pearls. The lucky man was carried in his arms. The celebration ended with a grand feast, which the laureate arranged for his friends and gardeners of Haarlem ... "Describing this event in such detail, the eyewitness forgot about one thing. And he forgot to name the gardener who grew the plant of unusual color. After that, bulbs of rare varieties began to be valued even higher along with pearls, diamonds and gold. The country was flooded with receipts from gardeners promising to develop new varieties, and the number of these receipts was many times greater than the number of bred varieties. Tulips enriched, but also served as the cause of ruin. To stop speculation, the Dutch government issued a special decree setting firm prices for bulbs.
From the Netherlands, the "epidemic" spread to other countries. Seventy-one bulbs of the most expensive varieties of Dutch tulips were sent to Berlin. Breeding them carried away in England and France. In the Palace of Versailles, the festivities were accompanied by exhibitions of new varieties, and prizes were awarded for the most beautiful tulips. Ladies decorated outfits with flowers, pinning them to low-cut dresses, which was a sign of wealth and nobility. In the novel Vicomte de Brajslon, Alexandre Dumas describes the gift that Louis XIV presented to his mistress - "a Haarlem tulip with grayish-violet petals, which cost the gardener five years of hard work, and the king five thousand livres." Over time, the range of tulips has significantly expanded thanks to the efforts of French gardeners. In the XNUMXth century, they begin to cultivate parrot tulips, and in the XNUMXth century, tulips with an egg-shaped flower of the Cottage group, so named because they were unexpectedly discovered in an old home garden. At the same time, elegant lily-flowered varieties appeared. Wild types of tulips were known in Rus' as early as the XNUMXth century, but they were then called "lola" flowers (in Turkey, a tulip is called "lale"). And garden tulips have been cultivated in Russia since the beginning of the XNUMXth century. For a long time they were grown only in the estates of wealthy people. Today, flowers can be found in all cities and villages. Author: Krasikov S.
Tulip, Tulipa. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
Ethnoscience:
Cosmetology:
Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Tulip, Tulipa. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Tulips are beautiful perennial flowers that all gardeners love for their brightness and variety. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing: Cultivation:
Workpiece:
Storage:
▪ Common pomegranate (pomegranate) ▪ Tladianta dubious (red cucumber) ▪ Play the game "Guess the plant from the picture"
Energy from space for Starship
08.05.2024 New method for creating powerful batteries
08.05.2024 Alcohol content of warm beer
07.05.2024
▪ Xiaomi car running on HyperOS ▪ You can lose weight in the mountains ▪ Liquid cooling system for XMG Oasis Mk2 laptops ▪ Sony Mocopi sensors for avatar motion animation
▪ section of the site Intercoms. Article selection ▪ article Throw hats. Popular expression ▪ article What future awaits our luminary - the Sun? Detailed answer ▪ Elderberry's article is smelly. Legends, cultivation, methods of application ▪ article Machine for drilling boards. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua |
We recommend interesting articles Section 
See other articles Section 
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
All languages of this page