|
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese|
CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Pomegranate ordinary (pomegranate). Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Common pomegranate (pomegranate), Punica granatum. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Punica Family: Pomegranates (Lythraceae) Origin: Mediterranean, Iran, Central Asia, India Area: The plant is cultivated in many countries with a temperate and warm climate, such as Spain, Italy, Iran, Turkey, Israel, India, the USA and others. Chemical composition: Pomegranate fruits are rich in vitamins C, E, A, K, B1, B2, B3, B6, B9 and minerals such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, phosphorus and others. Fruits also contain flavonoids, tannins, pectin, anthocyanins and other biologically active substances. Economic value: Pomegranate fruits are widely used in the food industry for the production of juice, syrup, canned food, as well as in cooking for adding to salads, meat dishes and desserts. Pomegranate is used in medicine due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. In addition, pomegranate is used in the cosmetic industry for the production of creams, masks and shampoos. Legends, myths, symbolism: In ancient Greek mythology, the pomegranate was associated with the goddess Persophone. According to legend, Zeus gave the persona a pomegranate and it became his symbol. When the personaphone was kidnapped by Hades, the god of the underworld, he gave her pomegranate seeds to stay with him forever. The pomegranate was also associated with the goddess Aphrodite and was used as a symbol of love, beauty and fertility. In Judaism, the pomegranate was associated with fertility and prosperity. The Bible mentions that the land of Israel was "the land of milk and honey" and "the land of the pomegranate". In Judaism, the pomegranate was also associated with fidelity and eternal love, and was used as a symbol at weddings and other celebrations. In Islam, the pomegranate is associated with wealth and prosperity. The Qur'an mentions that the fruit of the pomegranate is a symbol of wealth and prosperity, and it was recommended for consumption by Muslims. In folk medicine, pomegranate has been used to treat various ailments such as heart disease, infections, and liver disease. The pomegranate was also used as a talisman and protection from evil spirits. The plant is associated with wealth and prosperity, love and beauty, fertility and fidelity.
Pomegranate ordinary (pomegranate). Punica granatum. Description, illustrations of the plant Common pomegranate. Legends, myths, history
The scientific name of the pomegranate punica (Carthaginian or Punic) alludes to its origin. The Romans called Punians the Phoenicians, who in the XII century BC. e. founded the colony of Carthage in North Africa. The specific name - granatum - is translated as granular (Latin granatus). In Russian, the pomegranate got its name for the similarity of its blood-red grains with precious stones - garnets. According to the ancient Greek myth, Persephone, the daughter of the goddess of fertility Demeter, was kidnapped by the ruler of the underworld Hades. From grief, Demeter ceased to fulfill her duties. Harvest failure and famine set in on Earth; people stopped praising the gods. Zeus did not like this, and he wanted to return Persephone to Earth. Zeus ordered Hades to release the captive. However, before parting with the beautiful Persephone, the ruler of the kingdom of death gave her a few pomegranate seeds, which were a symbol of marriage. Hades did not say that, having tasted these magical grains, she would forever become his wife. Since then, Persephone has been forced to spend two-thirds of the year on earth, and a third to descend to Hades. In ancient Greece, the pomegranate symbolized death, oblivion, but also abundance, generosity and the hope of immortality. The ancient Greeks also believed that the pomegranate fruit originated from the blood of Dionysus, the god of fertility and winemaking. In the Christian tradition, the pomegranate is one of the emblems of the Virgin Mary. In many picturesque images of Christ, he holds a pomegranate in his hand, which is a symbol of resurrection. Author: Martyanova L.M.
Pomegranate (Greek rhoa, Latin punica). Myths, traditions, symbolism
In the territories adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea and in the Middle East, the pomegranate tree, cultivated for quite a long time, was widely distributed by the Phoenicians and took root as a source of remarkable fruits and healing agents in areas with a warm climate. Numerous grains surrounded by juicy pulp meant fertility, and a whole pomegranate apple - symbols of goddesses, such as the Phoenician Astarte (Assyro-Babylonian Ishtar), the goddesses of the mysteries Demeter and Persephone (lat. Ceres and Proserpina), Aphrodite (lat. Venus) and Athena. According to the Eleusinian cult myth, Persephone, despite the fact that she ended up in the underworld, should not have remained in Hades if she had not tasted the din of a pomegranate seed. Therefore, she had the opportunity to spend with other gods only part of the time, and for a third of the year she had to return to Hades. The mother of Attis, beloved of the "great mother" - Cybella, became pregnant from contact with a pomegranate tree. Pomegranate trees were planted on the graves of heroes (probably to provide them with abundant succession?). It was believed that these trees are inhabited by special nymphs - royads. In Rome, a pomegranate in Juno's hand symbolized marriage. The pomegranate tree, thick with fragrant, fiery red flowers, personified love and marriage with fertility. Brides carried wreaths of blossoming pomegranate branches. During the time of Christianity, this symbolism was more spiritualized and enriched with references to the wealth of God's grace and heavenly love. The red juice of the pomegranate became a symbol of the blood of the martyrs, and the polyseed collected under one skin became a symbol of people united by a church community. Since the skin of a pomegranate is hard, and the juice inside it is sweet, this fruit can thus symbolize an outwardly strict, but inwardly kind spiritual shepherd. In the symbolism of the Baroque, the pomegranate took on the appearance of a fruit cracked in the fullness of its seeds, denoting the aspiration for charity and mercy, a generous retribution for the manifestation of compassionate love (Latin caritas). The same name is given to the Order of Compassionate Brothers - an international organization or society that helps the poor. In heraldry, the pomegranate apple adorns, in particular, the coats of arms of Granada and Colombia (formerly New Granada). Author: Biedermann G.
Pomegranate, Punica granatum L. Botanical description, history of origin, nutritional value, cultivation, use in cooking, medicine, industry
Prickly shrub or tree 1,5-3 m high. Leaves are opposite, oblong, leathery, shiny. Bisexual flowers of two types: long-pistil, located on the shoots of the previous year and forming fruits, and short-pistil, located on the shoots of the current year and not producing fruits; petals are bright red. The fruit is a strongly overgrown large berry with a leathery reddish pericarp. Seeds are small, surrounded by very juicy flesh of pink or bright red color, numerous (from 50 to 100 pieces). Blooms in May-July. Homeland pomegranate - Iran and neighboring countries. Pomegranate is an ancient, legendary tree. It is scientifically proven that the pomegranate culture was known in Babylon for 5000 years BC. Wild pomegranate thickets are found in the Caucasus, Central Asia, Iran, and Asia Minor. Pomegranate is cultivated as a fruit and ornamental plant in the tropics and subtropics. The tree begins to bear fruit in the third or fourth year after planting. The fruits ripen in September-October. The fruits of cultivated varieties contain up to 75% juice, in which a lot of sugars and organic acids are found. In addition, they contain nitrogenous substances, fats, phytoncides, vitamins C, B1, B2, B6, PP, tannins and pectin, coumarins, small amounts of calcium, potassium, iron, and phosphorus compounds. Despite the fact that there are a lot of organic acids in the juice, sugars soften the taste of the fruit and make it pleasant. Even the Roman scientist Pliny wrote about pomegranate as a universal remedy. In ancient Indian literature, one can find indications of the treatment of hemophilia with pomegranate juice. Later, data appeared on a miraculous syrup that heals patients with malaria, on decoctions of pomegranate roots, which relieve pain from bruises and bone fractures. In folk medicine, pomegranate fruits are used to treat scurvy, cough, burns; fruit juice of sweet varieties - for diseases of the kidneys, acidic varieties - for kidney stones and gallbladder, a decoction of the bark of fruits - as an antihelminthic. The juice has an antipyretic effect, quenches thirst, improves digestion, and has a therapeutic effect in asthma and hypertension. Powder from dried and crushed seeds stimulates appetite, regulates the activity of the stomach, is an excellent antiscorbutic agent. Fresh fruits are recommended as a tonic. In cooking, pomegranates are used mainly for cooking national dishes (barbecue, pilaf, kupat). Juice is added when stewing meat, frying game and poultry. From the juice, after appropriate processing, a delicious drink is prepared - grenadine and a special seasoning - narsharab sauce. With strong evaporation of the juice, an extract is obtained containing more than 80% sugar and up to 6% acids, used in the confectionery industry. From the juice is also prepared tincture, syrup, punch. This valuable plant is used in various areas of the national economy. Oil and fodder flour are produced from seeds. The bark of the fruit is used in tanning and dyeing industries. The fruits of low-value varieties and wild pomegranate are processed into citric acid, tannin extract, tannin, pectin, vinegar. Beautiful bright red fruits and flowers make pomegranate indispensable in ornamental gardening. It is also often used to secure loose coastal slopes and ravines. Authors: Kretsu L.G., Domashenko L.G., Sokolov M.D.
Pomegranate (pomegranate), Punica granatum L. Botanical description, distribution, chemical composition, features of use.
The pomegranate family is Punicacea. Shrub or tree 150-500 cm high with opposite, smooth branches. The root is brownish, woody, branched. Young branches are greenish-gray, ribbed, shortened, prickly. The leaves are lanceolate or elliptical, and on short shoots - in bunches, painted red in spring. Flowers 20-50 mm in diameter, solitary, rarely in bunches of 2-5, on short pedicels. Calyx leathery, funnel-bell-shaped, reddish, with 5 (rarely 6-9) wide triangular lobes. Corolla five-petal, bright red; petals obovate, attached in the throat of the calyx. Stamens numerous, with orange-red filaments; pistil with lower multi-celled ovary, long style and thickened stigma. The fruit is large, spherical, up to 15 cm in diameter, weighing up to 80 g or more, red, pink, 6-12-celled, crowned with hard lobes of the remaining calyx. The nests between the membranous septa of the fruit are filled with numerous (up to 400-700 pcs.) Seeds tightly adjacent to each other. Seeds with blunt edges with a juicy, purple-raspberry outer layer, which has a sweet and sour taste. Blooms in May - August. The fruits ripen in September - October. Occurs on dry rocky slopes, in river valleys. The wild-growing common pomegranate (Punica granatum) is found in Southern Europe and Western Asia (to the Himalayas), another type of pomegranate - Socotra (Punica protopunica) - is known only on the island of Socotra in the Arabian Sea. Only common pomegranate is cultivated. The pomegranate culture is distributed throughout the globe in the tropics and subtropics with a band from 41 ° S. sh. up to 46° s. sh. It is cultivated in Afghanistan, the countries of the Middle East, Iran, Spain, Italy, Greece, the Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia), Portugal, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, France, the countries of the former Yugoslavia. Forms pure (pomegranate) and mixed with medlar, wild rose, figs, persimmons, grapes and other types of thickets. It has long been cultivated as a fruit plant in the subtropical regions of the world.
The bark of roots, trunks and branches contains alkaloids (peltierine, isopeltierine, pseudopeltierine, etc.), their amount in the root bark reaches 0,25%. Betulinic acid (0,15-0,45%) was found in the bark of trunks and leaves; in the peel of fruits and leaves - ursolic acid (0,45-0,6%); P-sitosterol, D-mannitol, D-maltose and triterpenoid fridelin were isolated from the bark of roots and stems, leaves and seeds. The bark of the trunk, fruit peel and leaves are rich in tannins (up to 30%). Pomegranate juice contains up to 10% citric acid, malic, oxalic and other organic acids, 8-19% sugars (glucose and fructose), tannin, ascorbic acid, a significant amount of aptocyanins. The flowers contain a bright red pigment, anthocyanin punicin (isolated as chloride), which hydrolyzes to form pellargonidin and two glucose molecules. Anthocyanins of intensely colored fruits are represented by delphinidin, malvidin, malvinidin and their glycosides; anthocyanins of slightly colored varieties - peonidin, delphinidin and their glycosides. The seeds contain a fatty oil from which punicic acid has been isolated. The fruits are used fresh. Drinks, syrups, hot spices for various national dishes, grenadine, punches, wines are prepared from juice. Juice is usually used as a vitamin remedy in fresh or canned form. Juice stimulates appetite, regulates the activity of the digestive tract, has a pronounced astringent and analgesic effect, it is recommended as a general tonic for patients after infectious diseases and operations, extracts of the bark of roots and branches - as an antihelminthic. The antihelminthic effect is due to the presence of the alkaloid peltierin contained in the roots and peel of the fruit. The medical value of the pomegranate was recognized by Hippocrates. Doctors of Greece and Rome prescribed pomegranate juice for stomach pains, fruit peel for dysentery and for the treatment of wounds, tree bark as an antihelminthic. The experiment established the hypotensive, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effects of extracts from various pomegranate organs. Fruit peel polyphenols inhibit the growth of dysentery bacillus. The seeds have a hormonal effect. A method has been developed for the treatment of burns with pomegranate juice and fruit peel powder: the entire area of the burn is thoroughly lubricated with juice, and then sprinkled with dried peel powder. Pomegranate peel has been used in folk medicine as an astringent and anthelmintic. It should be noted that it contains up to 0,5% of very toxic alkaloids. The pharmaceutical industry made a drug against tapeworms from the bark of a tree. It can only be taken as directed by a doctor. The bark and roots of the plant are toxic, and their use requires great care. In folk medicine of various countries, pomegranate juice was used to treat gastric diseases as an astringent, for atherosclerosis, bronchial asthma, scurvy, tonsillitis, colitis, malaria; seeds - with edema, jaundice, as an appetite stimulant; roasted seeds mixed with opium poppy seeds - for dysentery. An aqueous decoction of the peel is used for enterocolitis, as an antitussive; a decoction of the bark - as an antihelminthic; from crushed roots mixed with aloe juice, an ointment was prepared, used as an analgesic for bruises, fractures; diluted seed juice was used to gargle with sore throat; poultices from flowers - for resorption of inflammatory infiltrates. Dyes obtained from flowers were used to dye silks, cotton, linen and woolen fabrics. Authors: Dudchenko L.G., Kozyakov A.S., Krivenko V.V.
Pomegranate, Punica granatum. Methods of application, origin of the plant, range, botanical description, cultivation
The genus Punica L. from the Pomegranate family (Punicaceae) includes 2 species: Punica granatum L. living in the Eastern Mediterranean, Western and Central Asia, and Punica protopunica Ralf. - endemic to the island of Socotra in the Indian Ocean. At present, the pomegranate culture is distributed throughout the globe in the tropics and subtropics with a wide band from 41 ° S. sh. up to 41 °C. sh. On the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, there are the most northern areas of pomegranate cultivation, which in some places go beyond 44 ° N. sh. However, the main areas of cultivation are the countries of the Mediterranean. Pomegranate is cultivated in Iran, Afghanistan, the countries of the Middle East, the Balkan countries, Italy, Spain, Portugal and France; in Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, on a small scale in Kakheti and Western Georgia, and singly in Sochi. Pomegranate juice contains a number of physiologically active substances, including (in mg / 100 g) ascorbic (5-12) and fopic. (0,04-0,08) acids, P-active catechins and leucoanthocyanins (26-46), with P-vitamin activity azhocyans (150-200), thiaiin, or vitamin B1 (0,004-0,036) and riboflavin, or vitamin B2 (0,032-0,27). In addition, the composition of the juice includes tannins (1,0-1,1%) and pectin (0,1-0,3%) substances, a small amount of compounds of calcium, potassium, iron, phosphorus and other elements; ash content - 0,3-0,5%. The peel of pomegranate fruits is distinguished by a high content of tannins (10-30% for wild-growing - 30-35%), as well as pectin substances (5-6%), ascorbic acid (20-25 mg / 100 g), various alkaloids. Pomegranate fruit processing products are also widely used. Grenadine drink is obtained from pomegranate juice when boiled with an equal amount of sugar. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a subtropical deciduous fruit shrub or tree resistant to air drought. Pomegranate flowers are mainly of 2 types: some are bisexual, pitcher-shaped, set fruits; others are bell-shaped, do not set fruits. There are flowers of intermediate forms. The fruit - pomegranate - is a large rounded berry with a leathery pericarp and a preserved calyx. The seeds are surrounded by edible pulp. Since ancient times, pomegranates have been considered in the East as the "king" of all fruits. Even outwardly, it stands out among the fruits: fiery red with a crown on top. It was the original sepals that suggested the shape of the royal crown. Individual fruits of some varieties reach 15-18 cm in diameter. Seeds are numerous, up to 1000-1200 or more in one fruit, located in 6-12 chambers, or nests, located in 2 tiers. Each seed is surrounded by a juicy cover.
The frost resistance of pomegranate is quite high, much higher than citrus fruits, feijoa, figs. Pomegranate is photophilous, but the fruits develop better in the shade of the leaves. The root system is characterized by superficial placement, its distribution is twice the diameter of the crown, which contributes to the drought resistance of plants. It withstands air drought well, but without artificial irrigation it does not give a good harvest. It is undemanding to the soil. In the tropics, greenhouses and at room conditions, pomegranate is an evergreen. Therefore, it is often grown as an ornamental crop. Pomegranate is an early crop. The first fruits are tied in the 2nd year after planting; the period of full fruiting occurs in the 6-7th year; productivity of 20-60 kg of fruits from a bush. Plants are long-lived, the average age is 50-70 years, sometimes up to 300 years. In culture, there are a large number of varieties and forms of pomegranate. Varieties are divided into 3 groups according to their acidity: sweet - Nar Shirin, Vedana, Kadan, Lojuar; sweet and sour - Wellis, Kok, Kyzym, Ulfa; sour (sometimes tart) - Achikanor and others. These varieties endure a drop in temperature only to minus 15 ° C. After the date palm, the pomegranate is the most heat-loving subtropical crop in the world. The best quality of pomegranate fruits is obtained in areas with the temperature of the hottest months of 28-30 ° C and the sum of active temperatures above 5000 °. Pomegranate is propagated by seeds, green and lignified cuttings, layering and grafting on seedlings, bears fruit up to 50-60 years of age, the main crop is harvested from 7 to 40 years. Individual bushes in Parisian parks bear fruit for over 200 years, in Azerbaijan - over 100 years. Flowering is remontant, so the period of fruit ripening is extended. Unripe fruits ripen in the maturation, but their quality does not improve much. The mass of peel, grains, seeds and juice yield are different depending on the variety and growing conditions. In most varieties, the weight of the peel ranges from 27,9-51,8%, seeds - 7,8-22,1%, juice - 38,9-63,4% by weight of the fruit. The mass of 100 grains is 30-45 g, 100 dry seeds - 3-6 g. The high taste qualities of pomegranate juice are mainly due to the content of sugars and acids in it in a certain ratio. The content of sugars in the juice is 8-19%, acids - 0,2-3,0%. Of the sugars in pomegranate juice, it contains mainly invert (glucose and fructose), sucrose is small, no more than 1%. Sweet fruits contain 13-19% sugars and 0,2-2,0% acids, sour-sweet - 12-17% sugars and 2-3% acids, sour - 8-14% sugars, 3,1-9% acids . Only whole fruits are left for storage, they are stored at a temperature of 1-3 ° C and a relative humidity of 80-85% for 4-6 weeks. Authors: Baranov V.D., Ustimenko G.V.
Pomegranate, Punica granatum. Botanical description of the plant, area, methods of application, cultivation
In the Middle Ages, the pomegranate was known under the name Pomum granatum - a seed apple, which was later replaced by C. Linnaeus with the modern scientific botanical name Punica granatum L. In ancient Rome, he had another name - malum granatum, that is, "granular apple." It is still called an apple in other languages: in German Granatapfel, in Italian melograno (from apfel, mela - apple). The Italians believe that it was the pomegranate that was the apple of paradise that Eve was tempted to. The generic Latin name of the genus Punica comes from the Latin word punicus - Punic, Carthaginian, according to the wide distribution of the plant in this country (modern Tunisia). The specific name granatum comes from granatus - granular, according to the numerous seeds inside the fruit, surrounded by a juicy cover. The Russian name "pomegranate" comes from the Latin granatus (granular). In ancient Rome, this fruit had two Latin names - malum punicum and malum granatum. The first literally meant "Punic apple", the Romans called Punic the Phoenicians who moved from Asia Minor to North Africa in the XII-VII centuries BC. e. and founded a number of colonies there: Carthage, Utica, Leptis Magna and others. At that time, it was believed that the best pomegranates grow in Carthage. The second name, literally meaning "grainy apple" - malum granatum, formed the basis for the names of this fruit in other languages: in German - Granatapfel (German Apfel - apple), Estonian - granaatoun (Est. oun - apple) Italian - melograno (Italian mela - apple), Swedish - Granatapple, Spanish - Granada, French - Grenade and English - pomegranate (from Latin pomum - fruit). The name of the fragmentation ammunition - "grenade" - came from the name of the fruit of the pomegranate, since the early types of grenades were similar in shape and size to the fruit - by analogy with the grains inside the fruit and flying grenade fragments. Pomegranate is a sprawling tree up to 5-6 meters high. In nature, it lives up to 50 years, but in culture, by the age of 50-60, the yield decreases, and old plantings are replaced with young ones. The branches are thin, prickly, the leaves are glossy, the flowers are funnel-shaped orange-red with a diameter of 2,5 cm or more. The leaves are opposite, oval, light green, about 3 cm long. The flowers are bell-shaped double and single, orange-red, reach 4 cm in diameter. The pomegranate has a diploid set of chromosomes - 2n=16. The growing season lasts 180-215 days (6-8 months). Blooms from early summer to autumn. Most of the flowers (95-97%) are barren, falling off. Due to the stretching of the flowering period, the ripening period is also extended. Formation and ripening of fruits lasts 120-160 days. The fruit is pomegranate, spherical, the size of an orange, with a leathery pericarp and numerous juicy seeds. The peel is from orange-yellow to brown-red. In Transcaucasia, the fruits begin to ripen in the second half of September. When ripe, the color of the fruit does not change, so it is difficult to catch the harvest time. It begins to bear fruit from the age of three, full fruiting persists from 7-8 to 30-40 years. Productivity - up to 50-60 kg from one tree. Unripe fruits ripen in the maturation, but their quality does not improve much from this. The fruits are removed with secateurs. Only completely whole fruits are left for storage, they are stored at a temperature of 1-2 ° and air humidity of 80-85%. The natural range of the pomegranate covers Western Asia, including the territories of Turkey, Azerbaijan, Abkhazia, South Armenia, Georgia, Iran, the southern part of Western Turkmenistan and Afghanistan. According to some reports, the boundaries of the natural range go in the east to North-West India, North-East Afghanistan. The wild pomegranate is also widespread in Eastern Transcaucasia. In Azerbaijan, thickets of wild pomegranate in the Lankaran-Astara massif occupy an area of several hundred hectares. In Central Asia, wild pomegranate is found in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan on the slopes of the Gissar, Darvaz and Karategin ranges.
Pomegranate - a plant of subtropical climate, normally grows where the temperature in winter does not fall below -15-17 °C. At -20°, the aerial part freezes over and the plant dies. Pomegranate is a photophilous culture, it grows better in open places, but the fruits develop better in the shade. Pomegranate is not very demanding on soil moisture, however, in a culture in dry subtropics without artificial irrigation, it does not give a good harvest. Air drought withstands well, but only with sufficiently moist soil. It is undemanding to the soil and grows well on various soils, even on saline ones. One of the features of the pomegranate is its "non-filling" with sand. If the stem and branches of the plant are covered with sand, then the plant takes on new adventitious roots. Plants seem to be reborn, and the old root system gradually dies off. The pomegranate fruit consists of 40-65% juice, peel (27,6-51,6%) and seeds (7,2-22,2%) - depending on the variety. In the best cultivars of pomegranate, the edible part is 65-68%, and the juice yield is 78,5-84,5%. The energy value of 100 g of the edible part of the pomegranate fruit is 62-79 kcal, and 100 ml of juice is 42-65 kcal. The fruits of the plant contain about 1,6% protein, 0,1-0,7% fat, 0,2-5,2% fiber and 0,5-0,7% ash. Juice and pulp of seeds of mature fruits of cultivars of pomegranate contains up to 20% sugar, from 0,2 to 9% acidic acids, including citric 5-6%, and a small amount of malic acid. Pomegranate juice contains 0,208-0,218% of minerals, including manganese, phosphorus, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, chromium, nickel, calcium, and copper. The content of vitamins (mg%): C - 4,0-8,7; B1 - 0,04-0,36; B2 - 0,01-0,27; B6 - 0,50; B15 - 0,54; many P-vitamin-like substances, niacin, traces of vitamin A and folacin. The juice of wild varieties of pomegranate contains 5-12% sugar, and acidic acids - more than 10%. Tannins and coloring substances in pomegranate juice 0,82-1,13%, flavonoids, including anthocyanins, 34,0-76,5%. In addition to phenolic compounds, pomegranate juice contains 15,5-29,2 mg% catechins, about 2% proteins, 61-95 mg% amino acids (of which 15 amino acids have been identified: cystine, lysine, histidine, arginine, aspartic acid, serine, threonine , glutamic acid, alanine, hydroxyproline, alpha-aminobutyric acid), 6-20% fatty oil, consisting of linoleic (40,03%), palmitic (16,46%), oleic (23,75%), linolenic (2,98 .6,78%), stearic (1,63%), begonic (3,4%) acids. In addition, 12,6% nitrogenous substances, 22,4% starch, 272% cellulose. Pomegranate oil contains XNUMX mg% of vitamin E. The fruit peel contains macroelements (mg/g): potassium - 18,90, calcium - 4,0, magnesium - 0,50, iron - 0,05; trace elements (µg/g): manganese - 5,28, copper - 2,50, zinc - 3,80, molybdenum - 0,40, chromium - 0,32, aluminum - 33,68, selenium - 0,08, nickel - 0,32, strontium - 19,36, boron - 54,40. Pomegranate flowers contain the dye punicin. The presence of 0,2% ursolic acid was found in the leaves of this plant. The bark of the common pomegranate contains alkaloids, piperidine derivatives - isopelletierine, methyl isopelletierine and pseudopellettierine, which have an antihelminthic effect. Pomegranate is rich in vitamins and microelements that are necessary for the normal functioning of our body, so pomegranate is a valuable food and medicinal plant. Most often, pomegranates are consumed fresh, and the juice of these fruits is also very popular. There are also ways to preserve pomegranate fruits. Pomegranate fruits are rich in sugars, tannins, vitamin C. Pomegranate juice is considered useful for anemia; A decoction of the peel and membranous partitions is used as an astringent for burns and indigestion (due to the high content of tannins). The sour, reddish pulp of the pomegranate is used in desserts and salads, as well as in the preparation of soft drinks. As a medicinal raw material, the bark of roots (less often trunks and branches) was used (and is still used in tropical and subtropical countries). Pomegranate is propagated mainly by cuttings, for which annual shoots and older branches are used. Green cuttings are planted in early summer, lignified (winter) cuttings are harvested in autumn and planted in spring. Propagation by layering and grafting on seedlings are also used. To obtain seedlings, seeds are sown in autumn and spring. As a rule, they germinate well, in 2-3 weeks, and do not require any special pre-sowing treatment. With seed reproduction, splitting of signs occurs - the offspring of seeds, even ripened in one fruit, turns out to be heterogeneous. For these reasons, most pomegranate varieties are propagated vegetatively.
Pomegranate, Punica granatum L. Botanical description, range and habitats, chemical composition, use in medicine and industry
Synonyms: pomegranate, pomegranate tree. Shrub or tree 1,5-5 m tall, pomegranate family (Punicaceae). The leaves are opposite or close together in bunches, oblong-lanceolate, leathery, shiny. The flowers are large, 2-4,5 cm in diameter. Calyx reddish, leathery, corolla bright red. The fruit is berry-like, large, up to 10-15 cm in diameter, with a leathery pericarp, white, greenish or red. Seeds numerous faceted with a juicy purple-raspberry outer layer, sweet and sour taste. Flowering in May-June, fruiting in September. Range and habitats. It grows wild in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Cultivated in Afghanistan, the countries of the Middle East, Iran, Spain, Italy, Greece, the Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia), Portugal, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, France, the countries of the Balkan Peninsula, the Black Sea coast, North Ossetia, southern Dagestan and in Crimea. Chemical composition. Pomegranate fruits are rich in sugars, tannins, vitamin C, contain fiber, minerals and trace elements: calcium, magnesium, potassium, manganese, sodium. Fruits give up to 60% juice with a high content of anthocyanins. The juice of cultivated pomegranate varieties contains from 8 to 20% sugar (glucose and fructose), up to 10% citric, malic, oxalic and other organic acids, phytoncides, nitrogenous substances, tannins, sulfate, chloride and other salts. The pericarp, roots and bark contain up to 32% tannins. Application in medicine. Pomegranate juice is useful for anemia, a decoction of the peel and membranous partitions - for burns and indigestion. A decoction of pomegranate bark in folk medicine is sometimes used for helminthiasis. It is less effective compared to the male fern. The broth is prepared as follows: 40-50 g of bark is crushed, 400 ml of water is poured, infused for 6 hours, boiled until the liquid has evaporated to 200 ml. Cool down after straining. Before treatment with pomegranate bark, the usual preparation of the patient is carried out. Then he is given to drink a decoction in the amount of 200 ml for 1 hour, after half an hour a laxative is prescribed. Due to the relatively low activity of pomegranate bark preparations, it is recommended to use only in cases where the male fern is contraindicated for the patient. When taking a decoction, toxic symptoms may appear similar to those observed in case of poisoning with the alkaloid peltierine: dizziness, general weakness, convulsions, blurred vision. To prevent toxic phenomena, a decoction of pomegranate bark is recommended to be administered together with astringents, such as tannin. In this case, the drug is little absorbed and does not have a toxic effect. Other uses. Pomegranate is one of the most popular fruit plants of the population living in areas of the subtropical zone and some countries in the tropical zone of the globe. Authors: Turova A.D., Sapozhnikova E.N.
Pomegranate (pomegranate). Botanical description of the plant, areas of growth and ecology, economic importance, applications
Shrub or small beautiful tree up to 6 m high of the pomegranate family. The flowers are purple, the fruits are round, up to 15 cm in diameter, reddish, with leathery pericarp. Seeds are angular, juicy, red, sweet and sour taste. Blossoms in May-August, bears fruit in September-October. The homeland of the pomegranate is North Africa. This is an ancient culture. In Babylon, he was bred 5000 years ago, Hippocrates recognized his medical value. Doctors of Greece and Rome prescribed pomegranate juice for stomach pains, fruit peel for dysentery and for the treatment of wounds, tree bark as an antihelminthic. Pomegranate juice contains 8-19% sugars, up to 10% citric acid, tannin, vitamin C. A significant amount of bright red anthocyanin-punicin pigment was found in the flowers, up to 32% tannins were found in the leaves, bark of roots and trunks. The fruits are used fresh. Drinks, syrups, seasonings for various national dishes, grenadine, punch, wine are prepared from juice. Pomegranate fruits give up to 60 juice with a high content of anthocyanins. The juice also contains 9% citric acid, malic, oxalic and other organic acids, glucose, fructose. Juice is usually consumed as a vitamin remedy in fresh canned form. Pomegranate is one of the oldest medicinal plants. Its juice stimulates appetite, regulates the activity of the gastrointestinal tract, and has a pronounced astringent and analgesic effect. Pomegranate flowers have astringent and antiseptic properties, the leathery pericarp has an astringent and fixing effect. The bark of roots and branches paralyzes tapeworms. The antihelminthic effect is due to the presence of the alkaloid pelltierin, which is found in the roots and peel of the fruit. In folk medicine of various countries, pomegranate juice was used to treat gastric diseases as an astringent, for atherosclerosis, bronchial asthma, scurvy, tonsillitis, colitis, fever, malaria; seeds - with edema, jaundice, as an appetite stimulant; roasted seeds mixed with opium poppy seeds - for dysentery; aqueous decoction of the peel - with enterocolitis, as an antitussive; a decoction of the bark - as an antihelminthic; from crushed roots mixed with aloe juice, an ointment was prepared, used for bruises, fractures; diluted seed juice was used to gargle with sore throat; poultices from flowers - for resorption of inflammatory infiltrates. The experiment established the hypotensive, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effects of extracts from various pomegranate organs. Fruit peel polyphenols inhibit the growth of dysentery bacillus. Fatty seed oil has hormonal activity. A method has been developed for the treatment of burns with pomegranate juice and fruit peel powder: the entire area of the burn is thoroughly lubricated with juice, and then sprinkled with dried peel powder. Pomegranate peel has been used in folk medicine as an astringent and anthelmintic. It should be noted that it contains up to 0,5% of very toxic alkaloids. In the pharmaceutical industry, a preparation was made from the bark of a tree that acts against tapeworms. It can only be taken as directed by a doctor. The bark and roots of the plant are toxic, and their use requires great care. Authors: Dudnichenko L.G., Krivenko V.V.
Pomegranate. The history of growing a plant, economic importance, cultivation, use in cooking
The pomegranate is all red. And fruits. And flowers. Stamens and pistils. And even leaves when young. Why such a striking appearance? Flowers - calculation for pollinators. The fruits are for seed carriers. With such specialization, it is reasonable to expect that the pomegranate spread throughout the world with the support of the animal kingdom. But no, his possessions are more than modest. In the Caucasus and the mountains of Central Asia, in Iran, Afghanistan and North India. That, it seems, is all. However, this may not be accidental. In mother nature, the pomegranate turned out to be unfinished in other respects. It is not clear whether it is deciduous or not? In the forest and in the garden - clearly deciduous. And a little moved to the greenhouse - it becomes evergreen. In India, too, evergreen, although, it seems, not everywhere. It is believed that it was not deciduous before. It became such by force, during the Tertiary period, when it got colder on the planet and had to be rebuilt. Haven't gotten around to it yet... Leaf fall is not so bad. She even helps out the tree in cool climates. But a significant drawback is the fall of fruits in early summer. Of course, both the apple tree and the pear also have a lot of carrion at the beginning of summer. The tree discards some of its wealth so as not to cause an overrun of "building material". Pomegranate drops not part, but all the ovaries. Not a single fruit remains on the tree! True, not all grenades behave this way. But sometimes a good half of them in the garden turns out to be empty. Botanist O. Kulkov from the South Uzbek experimental station did everything to make the tree work. He gave double, triple doses of fertilizers. He fed with micronutrients. Didn't help. He also applied more severe measures of influence: he ringed the trunks, pulled large branches with wire, filed the roots. Wounded trees always respond to such an execution with a stormy harvest. The pomegranate didn't react. Finally, we managed to notice that empty trees are found in old, neglected gardens that have long been left without care. True, later they discovered young orchards in which the fruits fell off completely. But it turned out that these young gardens were planted from cuttings that were cut in old, abandoned ones. A bad sign is inherited. But why? Experts say so. The pomegranate has barely adapted to the local climate, and here it still creates additional difficulties. From time immemorial, cuttings have been cut and bred vegetatively. With each new generation, the species becomes more and more unstable. And then there's poor care in the garden ... They compare it with potatoes. Isn't that how potato varieties degenerate with endless planting of tubers? The only difference is that in potatoes all parts of the plant are affected. And the pomegranate managed only the sphere of reproduction. The tree itself, having got rid of offspring, uses its reserves for itself and grows more luxuriously. Gardeners have found that the pomegranate has another important flaw in biology - fruit cracking. In some varieties, like a watermelon, just touch it with a knife - it will crack. And the juice will flow. Cause? The peel stops growing, and the grains continue to pour. In particular, the fruits of wild trees in the forest often crack. The role of the knife is played by the weather.
Biologists at first could not understand: what does a grenade need to crack the fruit? Some thought it was frost. Others are rain. Still others, on the contrary, believed that there should be dry weather. Then it turned out that any reason works. Frost and heat. Especially if the transition is abrupt. In a dry and warm autumn, as soon as a frost breaks out or it rains, the fruits begin to crack. And in a humid rainy summer, one hot and dry sunny day is important. Such is the law of nature. Fruit cracking is not accidental. This is a guarantee that the seeds will not lie under a hard shell, but will serve to prolong the pomegranate genus. Gardeners, of course, tried to get rid of an unfavorable feature, but they could not completely overcome it. The fruits of cultivated pomegranate also crack. But managed to increase the size. There are 20 centimeters and even more. In addition to the ordinary prickly pomegranate (thorns on the branches!), There is another species in the pomegranate family - Socotra pomegranate from the island of Socotra in the Indian Ocean. The Socotra possession is even smaller. One tiny island. Why? Apparently, the fact is that the fruit of Socotrans is dry. The grains do not have juicy shells. And without them, animals, apparently, do not undertake to distribute seeds. Here the tree does not settle far. In this regard, please pay attention to one funny fact. Gardeners have long wanted to grow pomegranate fruits without seeds. To under the peel immediately a glass of juice! And no bones, which then have to be spit out. The watermelon managed to get such fruits. The pomegranate had seedless fruits, although they grew, but they did not have juicy pulp. It disappeared along with the seeds, because the very part of the seed, its appendage. And the fruits grew as dry as that of the second species from the island of Socotra! However, not everywhere and not everyone is interested in pomegranate fruits. In Jamaica, pomegranates are often planted for beauty. The crimson outfit of the pomegranate seems especially attractive to the Jamaicans. Author: Smirnov A.
Pomegranate. Interesting plant facts
In Andalusia, in southern Spain, at the foot of the Sierra Nevada, in the valley of the Genil River, on the slopes of two hills separated by a deep ravine, the city of Granada is spread. Houses built on slopes and in the hollow itself give the city the appearance and shape of a half-open pomegranate, from which its name Granada - literally "pomegranate" - came from. There is a city with the same name in Nicaragua. Until 1858, it was even the capital of this country. However, the pomegranate is still not from these places. The genus of pomegranate (Punica) is represented by two species. One (R. protopunica) is endemic to Socotra Island in the Indian Ocean, east of Cape Guardafui (Africa). Its fruit is dry. The species has nothing to do with the origin of cultural pomegranate. Another species (P. granatum) is a deciduous, although not everywhere, tree or shrub, up to five meters in height, lives in the wild in Western Asia, Transcaucasia, Dagestan, Central Asia (Kopetdag, Darvaz, Western Gissar), as well as in Asia Minor, Iran and Afghanistan. Some suggest the Mediterranean as the homeland of the pomegranate, others - Iran with neighboring countries; In general, the dispute has not subsided to this day. But, most likely, we owe the pomegranate culture to the Phoenicians, since the word punica was first heard, presumably, in Carthage, founded by the Punic peoples. 5000 years ago pomegranate was bred in Babylon. The ancient Jews and Egyptians knew him well. In the lyrical poem of Ancient Egypt "The Trees of Her Garden" (XIV-XII centuries BC), there are lines: "The pomegranate says:
In the East, the pomegranate has been attributed a divine origin since ancient times. Pliny the Elder described the landing of the pomegranate tree as follows: “Pomegranates are also planted with a branch, having previously expanded the passage for them with a stake, as well as myrtle: in all these cases, branches are taken three feet long, less than a hand thick; the bark is carefully preserved, the end is sharpened ". Pliny also described the method of grafting a pomegranate. The fruits of the pomegranate to the French of the time of d'Artagnan resembled combat grenades, which were thrown at the enemy by grenadiers (by the way, in French, pomegranate is grenadier). Only later were the grenadiers freed from this annoying duty, and the grenadier regiments began to take simply tall and strong men, who were especially loved by emperors and empresses. Wild pomegranate is listed in the Red Book, and wild shrubs are allocated to protected areas. Once upon a time, wild pomegranate was not uncommon in the Ochamchira region of Abkhazia, along the banks of the Iori, Alazani and Kura from Shamkhor to Zardob. Now all the thickets have been cut down. In Turkmenistan, wild pomegranate escapes from humans mainly in the gorges, and in Uzbekistan - in the cracks of the rocks of the Western Kopetdag. By the way, in Uzbek and Tajik pomegranate - anor, in Turkmen and Kyrgyz - anar; it is noteworthy that in India its name sounds similar - an anarkaper. In Kyrgyzstan, pomegranates from the Anar state farm are now famous. In Azerbaijan, pomegranates grown in the mountainous Geokchay region are valued above others, and in this region above all - pomegranates from the village of Bygyr, where the climate for the pomegranate is exceptionally favorable. Pomegranate juice contains 8-19 percent sugars (5-11 percent glucose), 0,3-9 percent citric acid (by the way, it is produced from pomegranate), tannin, vitamin C. In the pericarp, from 32 to 66 percent of tannins, used for tanning fine leathers of the highest grades and for making dyes. Dyes are also obtained from flowers; they are used for dyeing silks, cotton, linen and woolen fabrics. Drinks, syrups, seasonings are prepared from pomegranate juice. Sterilized, free from tannins and slightly sweetened, pomegranate juice (grenadine) is very tasty and healthy. In the Caucasus, pomegranate juice is thickened to make the famous seasoning for meat and first courses - narsharab. They master the production of canned pomegranate seeds in different versions: in natural juice, filled with water, with fried onions and with sugar. A fragrant bright golden oil containing behenic acid and vitamin E is obtained from the seeds. As you know, with a lack of vitamin E, the formation of sex hormones is disrupted. The dried bark of the trunks, branches and roots of the pomegranate is used in medicine against tapeworms (except for the pygmy tapeworm). The main active ingredient - doctors believe - alkaloid pelterin (racemate). True, pomegranate preparations are prescribed only when treatment with more effective male fern preparations is contraindicated. For indigestion, a dry extract from pomegranate peel is recommended. In folk medicine of Georgia, pomegranate juice is used for diseases of the throat, and a decoction of flowers - for gastric disorders. Flowers are used to make poultices on tumors. Fresh fruits, along with the peel, are used for coughs, colds, colitis (inflammation of the large intestine), fever, and malaria. A technique for treating burns with juice and powder from the peel of the fruit has been developed. The Indian "Ayurveda" recommends pomegranate fruits along with grapes and apples for "body rejuvenation". An outstanding Greek physician and naturalist, one of the founders of ancient medicine, Hippocrates (circa 460-377 BC) prescribed pomegranate juice for stomach pains, fruit pulp for dysentery and for the treatment of wounds. Arabs treated headaches with juice. Author: Laptev Yu.P.
Common pomegranate (pomegranate), Punica granatum. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
Ethnoscience:
Cosmetology:
Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Common pomegranate (pomegranate), Punica granatum. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
The common pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a woody shrub or small tree with beautiful red or yellow flowers and large, juicy, sweet and sour fruits. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing pomegranate: Cultivation:
Workpiece:
Storage:
▪ Play the game "Guess the plant from the picture"
Traffic noise delays the growth of chicks
06.05.2024 Wireless speaker Samsung Music Frame HW-LS60D
06.05.2024 A New Way to Control and Manipulate Optical Signals
05.05.2024
▪ Global organic shutter image sensor ▪ API from Logitech will unite all devices in the smart home ▪ Neurostimulation helps with chronic pain
▪ site section Batteries, chargers. Article selection ▪ article by Armand Jean du Plessis Richelieu (Cardinal Richelieu). Famous aphorisms ▪ article Why are there so many angry face crabs off the coast of Japan? Detailed answer ▪ Vigna article. Legends, cultivation, methods of application ▪ article Motor control device. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua |
We recommend interesting articles Section 
See other articles Section 
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
All languages of this page