Solar collectors. Integrated collector. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Solar collectors. Integrated collector. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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The simplest type of solar collector is a "capacitive" or "thermosiphon collector", which received this name because the collector is also a heat storage tank in which a "one-time" portion of water is heated and stored. Such collectors are used to preheat water, which is then heated to the desired temperature in traditional installations, such as gas water heaters.

Solar collectors. Integrated manifold

In household conditions, preheated water enters the storage tank. Due to this, energy consumption for its subsequent heating is reduced. Such a collector is an inexpensive alternative to an active solar water heating system that does not use moving parts (pumps), requires minimal maintenance, and has zero operating costs. This type of collectors also includes "Integrated Collector and Storage" - integrated storage collectors. They consist of one or more black tanks filled with water and placed in a heat-insulated box covered with a glass lid.

Sometimes a reflector is also placed in the box, which amplifies solar radiation. The light passes through the glass and heats the water. These devices are quite inexpensive, but before the onset of cold weather, the water from them must be drained or protected from freezing.

Flat-plate collectors are the most common type of solar collectors used in domestic water heating and heating systems. Typically, this collector is a heat-insulated metal box with a glass or plastic lid, in which a black-colored absorber (absorber) plate is placed. Glazing can be transparent or matte. Flat-plate collectors typically use frosted, light-only, low-iron glass (which lets through much of the sunlight that enters the collector). Sunlight hits the heat-receiving plate, and thanks to the glazing, heat loss is reduced. The bottom and side walls of the collector are covered with a heat-insulating material, which further reduces heat losses.

Solar collectors. Integrated manifold

The absorber plate is usually painted black, as dark surfaces absorb more solar energy than light ones. Sunlight passes through the glazing and hits the absorbing plate, which heats up, converting solar radiation into thermal energy. This heat is transferred to the coolant - air or liquid circulating through the tubes. Since most black surfaces still reflect about 10% of incident radiation, some absorber plates are treated with a special selective coating that better retains absorbed sunlight and lasts longer than regular black paint. The selective coating used in collectors consists of a very strong thin layer of amorphous semiconductor deposited on a metal substrate. Selective coatings are characterized by high absorption in the visible region of the spectrum and low emissivity in the far infrared region.

Absorbing plates are usually made of a metal that conducts heat well (most often copper or aluminum). Copper is more expensive, but conducts heat better and is less prone to corrosion than aluminum. The absorber plate must have a high thermal conductivity in order to transfer the accumulated energy to the water with minimal heat loss. Flat-plate collectors are divided into liquid and air. Both types of collectors are glazed or unglazed.

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