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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Mango. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Mango, Mangifera. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Mango (Mangifera) Family: Mango (Anacardiaceae) Origin: India Area: The plant is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, including South and Southeast Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Australia and Oceania. Chemical composition: Mango is high in vitamins and minerals, as well as phytochemicals such as carotenoids, flavonoids, and tannins. The fruit also contains mangiferin, a compound that has antioxidant properties. Economic value: Mango is one of the most popular tropical fruits in the world. Its pulp is used in cooking to create various dishes and drinks. Mangoes are used to make jams, jams and syrups. Mango also has medicinal value for its antioxidant properties, which can help protect the body from free radicals. Legends, myths, symbolism: In Indian culture, mango is associated with the goddess of love, Kama, and is considered a symbol of love and marriage. In Indian mythology, the mango is also associated with the god Surya, the sun deity. It is said that Surya planted mangoes in his gardens and endowed them with spiritual power. In the culture of some Asian countries, the mango is also considered a symbol of abundance and wealth. In some traditions, the mango is used in rituals and prayers as a symbol of well-being, prosperity and health. Symbolically, mango is associated with the concept of sweet and juicy, which can mean cheerfulness and satisfaction. It is also associated with warmth, sun and summer. In magic and esotericism, mango is used to attract love, prosperity and well-being.
Mango, Mangifera. Description, illustrations of the plant Mango. Legends, myths, history
Many sources speak of mango as a symbol of love between a man and a woman. One of the ancient legends tells that we owe the appearance of mango on earth to the god Shiva and his beautiful beloved. Descending to the ground, the beloved fruit of the spouses was lost. Overwhelmed with grief, Shiva used his magical spell and managed to recreate a mango tree on earth, which has since become the personification of passion and love. That is why Indian men always try to drink mango juice before performing love feats. According to another legend, a mango tree grew from the ashes, which was the result of the witchcraft tricks of an evil sorceress with the daughter of the Sun - the wife of an Indian prince, when she, hiding from her, turned into a lotus. Ash particles scattered through the air. The prince could not come to terms with the loss of his beloved and went to look for her. One day, near a forest lake, he met an amazing tree with unusual fruits, one of which the prince brought to his palace. By negligence, the fruit was dropped on the stone floor, as a result of which it shattered into pieces, reviving the beloved prince in all its former glory. The couple found each other again, and their life was long and happy. As an echo of this legend, in India, the wedding dress of the bride and groom still necessarily contains a wreath of mango tree branches, symbolizing the strength of the feelings of the newlyweds. A less romantic story talks about the magical properties of the mango tree, which attracts the spirits of the dead to itself. The ancestors of Baji Rao, the Maharaja of the city of Pune, killed his predecessor in order to seize power, as a result of which the angry spirit of the slain began to pursue Baji Rao. Then the last was given an order to calm the spirit to surround the city with several thousand mango trees. The descendants of the ruler, thanks to such an act, revered him as a far-sighted and economic politician. A Burmese legend tells that one day a large mango was presented to the Buddha. Ananda, one of his favorite students, cut it for his teacher. After the mango was eaten, the Buddha gave Ananda the pit and indicated the place where it was to be planted. Ananda fulfilled the teacher's wish, and then the Buddha washed his hands, thus watering the landing site. And immediately a beautiful tree sprang up, covered with many flowers and fruits. Every morning the Buddha came to the tree, plucked the fruit from it and, piercing it, drank its juice, which gives the Teacher wisdom and vitality. In India, it is still the custom, when building a new building, to lay a mango fruit in its foundation, which is nailed to the foundation with a long nail. Thus, mango serves as a guarantee of protection and prosperity for all future inhabitants of the house. Author: Martyanova L.M.
Common mango, Mangifera indica L. Botanical description, history of origin, nutritional value, cultivation, use in cooking, medicine, industry
An evergreen tree up to 30 m high. The leaves are oval-oblong, shiny, dark green. The flowers are collected in a large brush. The fruit is a slightly compressed drupe of irregular ovoid shape, with a smooth dense skin, yellow, orange, pink. Mangoes are native to India and Burma. It has been known in culture for about 6000 years. It is widely cultivated in the tropical countries of South and Southeast Asia, where this tree has the same importance as the apple tree in countries with a temperate climate. Mango fruits are close in shape and size to a goose egg, but there are also smaller ones, the size of a large plum, and larger ones, reaching 4 kg. Mango is propagated by seeds and grafting. Grafted trees begin to bear fruit at the age of four to six years. Harvest fruits when they begin to fall off or change color. They are poorly stored, so they are mostly used on site. Fruits intended for export are harvested at the stage of incomplete maturity, but fully developed and formed, but without characteristic taste. Juicy mango pulp contains a lot of sugars, vitamins C and B1, a small amount of organic acids and minerals. The fruits are especially rich in carotene, which is concentrated mainly in the skin. In terms of its content, mango surpasses even orange. The seeds contain starch, an odorous fatty oil. In tropical countries, mango is widely used for medicinal purposes as a diuretic, laxative and hemostatic agent. Outwardly, the fruits are used for wound healing, with inflammatory skin diseases. Mango fruits smell like apricot, melon, rose, lemon. At the same time, they are characterized by a turpentine aroma, which is very pronounced in some varieties. Their flesh is juicy, sweet, with a slight sourness. Mostly fruits are consumed fresh, a small amount is exported. Mango powder (akhmur) is made from unripe fruits, salads, sauces, various marinades are made from mature fruits. In addition, jam, jam, jelly, marmalade, cake, compote, etc. are prepared from ripe fruits. Kernels are very tasty; they are used in salted, fried, boiled form. Starch and valuable edible oil are obtained from them, resembling cocoa butter in consistency, solid at ordinary temperatures, with a pleasant smell and taste. Authors: Kretsu L.G., Domashenko L.G., Sokolov M.D.
Mango, Mangifera indica. Methods of application, origin of the plant, range, botanical description, cultivation
The genus Mangifera, of the Anacardiaceae family, includes more than 40 species, but only one is widespread in culture - Indian Mango (Mangifera indica L). Origin and distribution. This species arose as a result of interspecific hybridization in eastern India, Myanmar and Malaysia. Mango culture was introduced over 4 millennia ago. Mango is rightfully called the king of Indian fruits. Back in the 100th century. Emperor Akbar laid a garden of 600 thousand trees, and at present mango occupies 70 thousand hectares, i.e. about XNUMX% of the total area under gardens in India (without coconut palm). In Pakistan, mango is also the leading fruit crop. On a large scale, for many centuries, mangoes have been cultivated in the countries of Southeast Asia. Accurate accounting of areas under mangoes and harvesting of fruits in most countries is not available, and it is difficult to count millions of single trees in peasant farms, city yards, along roads. In Africa, mango was originally introduced on about. Zanzibar, the east coast of the mainland and spread inland. It was apparently brought to the west coast in the XNUMXth century. the Portuguese. Mango occupies the largest areas in the countries of the Gulf of Guinea, along the coast of the Indian Ocean and in the basin of the river. Congo. The area under it in North Africa is rapidly expanding. The proximity of European markets allows us to count on the successful export of fresh mangoes to Europe. Mango was brought to America by the Spaniards in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. mainly from the Philippines and cultivated in the territory from Mexico in the north to the southern regions of Brazil. Large areas of mangoes are found in the islands of the Caribbean. Nowadays, mango is one of the most common fruit crops in the tropics and partly in the subtropics of Asia, Africa and America. According to the FAO, the world production of mangoes in 1988 amounted to 15 million tons. Leading countries for the production of mangoes: India (9,45 million tons), Pakistan, Mexico, Philippines, Brazil, China. Mango fruits are used to prepare juices, compotes, marmalades, purees, seasonings, etc. They contain (in%): water - 86,1, proteins - 0,6, fats - 0,1, sugars - 12 with a predominance of sucrose, organic acids - 0,1-0,8, ash - 0,3, vitamin C - 13 mg / 100 g, carotene 3,1 mg / 100 g, thiamine, riboflavin and nicotinic acid. Mango is one of the most vigorous and durable fruit species. The height of the trees is usually 10-15m with the same diameter of the spherical crown. In India, there are trees about 30 m high, whose age exceeds 200 years. Mango trees obtained by vegetative means do not reach such sizes and age. The trees are evergreen, but the growth of shoots occurs only in the so-called growth waves, or flushes. The rhythm of growth processes also affects the frequency of flowering. Some varieties bloom 3-4 times a year, others - once. In some subequatorial regions, flowering in some varieties is observed throughout the year (South India). Mango flowers are collected in inflorescences, each of which has from 200 to 4000 flowers. Flowers of two types - bisexual and male. Bisexual flowers are from 1 to 36% in different varieties. One of the reasons for poor fruit set is the very short period of stigma receptivity; it only lasts a few hours. The fruits are also poorly tied in rainy weather, which prevents the flight of pollinating insects and contributes to the defeat of flowers by fungal diseases; of these, anthracnose is the main danger. Mango is mostly cross-pollinated, although there are also self-fertile varieties. However, even self-fertile varieties increase yield when pollinated by another variety. Falling fruits in the process of their growth and maturation are considered by experts to be a consequence of self-pollination. The coefficient of useful ovary in mangoes is less than 1%, therefore 1 or 2 fruits ripen on one inflorescence. Some of the inflorescences do not yield. A good harvest occurs mainly after 1, sometimes after 2, 3 or 4 years. The frequency of fruiting is due to the fact that in the year of a high harvest there is no laying of fruit buds and the next year the mango does not have flowering and fruiting. The mango root system is located deep - up to 6-8 m, suction roots are located more superficially - up to 0,5-1,25 m. Excavations of 18-year-old trees showed that the diameter of the distribution of horizontal roots reached 18 m. roots: upper - in the soil layer up to 2 cm and lower - at a depth of 80-3m, near groundwater. In some areas where the dry season reaches 4-4 months, mango is the only fruit crop that can grow without irrigation. In general, mangoes are undemanding to soils. A prerequisite for this is their good drainage. Excessive waterlogging and stagnant water during the rainy season primarily affect the regularity of fruiting. The area of mango culture occupies almost the entire tropical zone and warm regions of the subtropical zones in both hemispheres. The range border follows the 15°C isotherm with an absolute minimum of at least 2-4°C. The same conditions determine the advancement of culture in connection with vertical zonality. In the tropical zone, mangoes are usually grown up to a height of 600-800 m, in the subtropics - near sea level. The optimal annual rainfall is from 1200 to 2500 mm. The dry season lasting 3-4 months is a necessary stage in the annual cycle of tree development, since fruit buds are laid and differentiated during this period. The lack of a dry season disrupts the normal laying of fruit buds, flowering and fruiting become remontant, and the overall yield decreases. Abundant rainfall is dangerous not only during the flowering period, but also during fruit ripening, as it contributes to the development of fungal diseases and a decrease in yield. In many countries, commercial mango cultivation is associated with dry areas of the country (Cuba, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Côte d'Ivoire). On the other hand, in the event of a severe drought, the trees stop their vegetative growth, and the fruits fall off. Therefore, irrigation of gardens is very effective. So, in the Nile Valley, mangoes are cultivated with regular irrigation. The number of cultivated mango varieties has not been established, there are several thousand of them. The greatest variety of varieties is in the center of mango origin, in the countries of Southeast Asia. Mango varieties are divided into monoembryonic and polyembryonic. Monoembryonic varieties originated from Hindustan, where they dominate. Polyembryonic varieties dominate in other areas of the range. They originated from areas of Indochina, Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia. The wide variety of cultivars in India ensures the lengthening of the ripening season. So, in the state of Bihar, the fruits ripen from late May to mid-August successively in the varieties Gulabhas, Bombay, Langra, Fazai, Kaitiki. Scientific breeding of mangoes is especially intensive in India. The main directions of selection are obtaining annually fruiting varieties with good quality fruits that are resistant to fungal diseases. For this purpose, periodically fruiting dessert varieties are crossed with low-quality varieties prone to annual fruiting. Among the hybrid seedlings, a search is underway for valuable plants that could be the basis of a new variety. For mango breeding, work on the isolation of valuable forms from random seedlings, as well as the selection of bud mutations with valuable properties and their subsequent vegetative propagation, is of great importance.
In mangoes, the problem of vegetative propagation has not yet been solved, and a simple and economical reproduction technology has not been developed. Therefore, mango seed propagation dominates in most countries. In addition to simplicity, this is facilitated by the repetition of the properties of the variety during seed propagation due to the polyembryony (multigerm) of mango seeds. However, complete uniformity of trees and their early fruiting are possible only with the introduction of vegetative propagation methods. The usual methods of grafting and budding in mangoes do not give good results. Therefore, in the countries of Southeast Asia, grafting by rapprochement (ablacation), as well as reproduction by aerial layering, is widespread. Good results have been obtained in mango propagation by Fockert budding (eye behind the bark) in Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Egypt and Indonesia. The success of vaccinations is due to the correct timing of budding. Seedlings of local cultivated and semi-cultivated varieties, sometimes wild mango species, are used as rootstocks. To obtain homogeneous trees, nucellar seedlings (seedlings of polyembryonic varieties) are used as rootstocks. Regrafting mature trees or changing varieties is a promising approach in many countries where gardens are dominated by low-value seedlings. Regrafted trees in 3-4 years give good yields of fruits of a new variety. To do this, re-grafted trees are heavily pruned, then a new variety is grafted onto water shoots that have arisen after pruning. Survival often exceeds 90%. Mango agrotechnology is not fundamentally different from the agrotechnology of other fruit crops in tropical and subtropical zones. When choosing sites for mango orchards, it must be taken into account that this crop is characterized by a relatively high salt tolerance. It is also desirable to protect the orchards from the winds, since even moderate winds lead to massive abscission of growing fruits. For these purposes, you can use areas that have natural protection - near the forest, or plant fast-growing species along the boundaries of the garden quarters - eucalyptus, tamarind, etc. Tree planting schemes are usually 12 x 12, 14 x 14 m, low-growing varieties are planted denser: 10 x 10,5 x 5,7 x 7 m; vigorous plants are planted with a distance between trees up to 16-18m. Since the seedlings do not tolerate transplantation, it is carried out with a clod of earth and in cloudy weather. Seedlings are grown in plastic bags, pots, baskets in order to save the earth around the root system. Transplanted plants are shaded to avoid sunburn and drying. Young mango orchards up to 5 years old are irrigated during the dry season at intervals of 6 to 15 days. Irrigation of fruit-bearing gardens is rarely used. In any case, watering is stopped 2-3 months before flowering. This contributes to the successful establishment and differentiation of fruit buds and causes a friendly flowering of trees. Grafted mango trees enter fruiting in the 4-6th year after planting, seedlings - in the 7-12th year, sometimes later. On average, the mango yield is low - from 4 to 7 t/ha, but intensive cultivation of the crop provides a yield of 10-15 t/ha. Fruit weight ranges from 50 to 900 g, for commercial varieties - from 200 to 600 g. The best varieties do not have fibers in the pulp, have excellent taste and aroma, and high nutritional value. For home use, the fruits are harvested at the stage of full maturity, for storage and transportation - earlier. Earlier harvest is also practiced to protect the crop from damage by birds and flying dogs. After being harvested in advance, the fruits can be stored for quite a long time for 4-7 weeks at a temperature of 7-8 °C and a relative humidity of 87-90%. Authors: Baranov V.D., Ustimenko G.V.
Mango. Botanical description of the plant, areas of growth and ecology, economic importance, applications
Mango belongs to the vast Anacardiaceae or Sumac family, Pistachio (Anacardiaceae), Mango genus (Mangifera), which includes 69 plant species. The most popular representative of the genus is Indian Mango (Magnifera indica) - a tree that has been cultivated for over 8 thousand years. During this time, it has become the most important agricultural crop in the tropical zone of our planet. Mangoes are native to the border zone of India and Myanmar. In the 1742th century BC. mango first left its homeland with the Chinese traveler Hwen Sang and began to develop other territories, three centuries later, Buddhist monks brought mango to Malaysia and East Asia. It was brought to the Middle East and East Africa by Persian merchants in the 1833th century. In 1900, with Spanish sailors, the mango crossed to about. Barbados and on to Brazil. In XNUMX mango appears in the USA, Mexico, South Africa, Australia and the Middle East. Throughout the XNUMXth century, Americans adapted the tree to the conditions of Yucatan and Florida, until in XNUMX the persistence of agronomists was rewarded: the first fruits grown in North America went on sale. Europe learned about the mango thanks to the Indian campaign of Alexander the Great, whose associates described outlandish fruits. However, their delivery to regions remote from their places of growth remained problematic until the advent of steamboats. In Russia, mango fruits appeared only in the middle of the XNUMXth century. Until recently, this extremely beautiful and useful plant remained aloof from the attentive eyes of exotic lovers. At present, a technique for growing small mango trees at home has been developed and described. Growing only in warm tropical climates, the mango never sheds its leaves. The tree reaches 10-45 m in height and 10 m in crown diameter. Varieties with small trees are considered more practical for cultivation on plantations. Note that juicy sweet fruits were obtained as a result of crossing two species - Mangifera indica and Mangifera sylvanica, the fruits of wild species are fibrous, small, dryish, with a pronounced smell of turpentine. Young mango leaves emerge reddish in color, ranging in color from yellowish pink to brownish red. Growing up, they become glossy and dark green, with a lighter underside. The leaves are simple, with a pronounced central vein, hanging on petioles thickened at the base, 3-12 cm long. The shape of the leaf varies from oval to elongated-lanceolate, the length of the leaf is 15-45 cm with a width of up to 10 cm. The foliage smells of turpentine. The plant loves light and develops quickly. The tap root goes into the ground to a depth of 6 m. Since it is difficult to hold a huge crown with a single tap root, a wide root system with additional deep roots is formed in the tree. So, the root system of a young 18-year-old tree reaches a depth of 1-2 m with a radius of up to 7,5 m. Mango can grow and bear fruit up to 300 years. In India, there is an old-timer tree with a trunk diameter of 3,5 m and branches with a diameter of 75 cm - this tree covers an area of \u2250b\u16000bmore than XNUMX square meters. m and produces about XNUMX fruits annually. The bark of the tree is dark gray, brown or black, smooth, fissured with age. The branches are smooth, shiny, dark green. During the year, the plant has several periods of active growth. Having reached the age of 6 years, the tree enters the time of maturity, begins to bloom and bear fruit. At home, in India, mango blooms from December in the south of the country to April in the north. When flowering, it produces many panicles of a conical shape, each of which contains from several hundred to several thousand small yellowish or pink flowers with a sweet smell, similar to the aroma of lilies. The size of each flower is 5-7 mm in diameter. Among the thousands of flowers, most are male (their number can reach up to 90%), the rest are bisexual. Such an abundance attracts all lovers of pollen and nectar: bats and a wide variety of insects, both flying and crawling, because mango is the best honey plant in the tropics. Despite all the efforts of pollinators, only 1-2 fruits are tied from each panicle, and unpollinated flowers fall off. People do not remain indifferent to such a floral abundance: Otto essential oil is obtained from mango flowers. In nature, mangoes produce a single crop per year, but in cultivated gardens, agronomists achieve two crops. Here it is worth paying attention to one feature of the mango: each individual branch bears fruit in nature in a year, alternating with neighboring ones, so that agronomists force the whole tree to bear fruit, doing it in two passes. After the unpollinated flowers fly around, in place of the panicles, 1-2 ovaries with smooth, dense green skin remain hanging on long petioles, as if on ribbons, which ripen for 3-6 months. The size of ripe fruits, depending on the variety, varies from 6 to 25 cm and can reach a weight of 2 kg. A normal fruit weighs about 200-400 g. The shape of the fruit is one of the characteristics of the variety, it can be round, oval, ovoid, but almost always asymmetrical when viewed from the side. The most valuable thing in a mango is the sweet pulp. It can be whitish to intense yellow and orange, slightly fibrous or homogeneous. Unripe mango fruits contain pectin and a large amount of acids - citric, oxalic, malic and succinic and are used to make sour seasonings. The color and smell of ripe fruits are also characteristics of the variety. They are extremely diverse: green, yellow, pink fruits, or with all the listed colors at once; reminiscent of apricot, melon, lemon, even a rose, or have their own unique pleasant taste and aroma. The peduncle of a ripe fruit, when broken, releases juice, which smells sharply of turpentine and thickens with a darkening drop. Some varieties have a peculiar coniferous flavor and a slight smell of turpentine. All mango fruits have one obligatory feature in their structure - a beak. Not the same, of course, as in parrots, but in the form of a small protrusion above the edge of the bone. Given the asymmetry of the fetus, the beak is located diametrically opposite to the stalk. The prominence of the beak is different in different varieties, from a small outgrowth to a point on the skin. A flat, elongated, ribbed, hard white-yellow bone is hidden inside the fruit, similar to the shell of a familiar freshwater mollusk - barley, often found in the rivers of the middle lane. The shell and the stone are even close in size - about 10 cm, only the stone is flatter. It is usually densely fibrous and has a characteristic "beard" along the rib to which the flesh attaches. In some varieties, it is smooth and easily moves away from the pulp. Inside the stone is a dicotyledonous flat seed, which can be mono- or polyembryonic, giving, respectively, one or more seedlings. The size of the seeds is from 5 to 10 cm. Inside the seed, the seed is partially covered with a dense brown membrane similar to parchment paper. The part of the seed that is not covered by the membrane is white. If we make a thin longitudinal section of the part under the membrane, we will find an oval gray-brown spot with dark veins. The ripeness of the fruit is determined by the ease of removal of the stalk and the specific fruity smell of its break. In order to avoid birds pecking at ripe fruits, the crop is usually harvested slightly unripe and left to ripen in a dark place. The removed fruits must be washed, removing traces of juice from the stalk or damaged peel, because. the juice, drying up, leaves blackening traces and damages the peel, after which the fruit rots in the places of blackening. It should be remembered that fresh juice from the incised peel of the fruit has an irritating effect on human skin. Contact with a fresh incision may result in a chemical burn. People who are prone to allergies should be especially careful. Seeds of ripe fruits are suitable for propagation, but in the conditions of cultivation of varietal crops, mangoes are usually propagated by grafting, which allows you to keep all the characteristics of the variety. Trees grown from seeds are used as rootstock. Grafted trees begin to bear fruit in the 1st-2nd year, while in nature the first fruits appear in the 6th year, and the tree reaches its full yield only after 15 years. The average mango yield is 40-70 centners per hectare. A planting site is chosen with good drainage, vital for mangoes. Fat soil for a tree is not needed, because. it stimulates continuous vegetative growth at the expense of flowering and yield. Mango adapts perfectly to various soils: sandy (as in Thailand, Egypt and Pakistan), rocky (as in India, Spain and Mexico) and even saline limestone, as in Israel. An unpretentious attitude to the composition of the soil allowed the plant to expand its distribution area, which eventually occupied the entire tropical zone of the Earth. Now mangoes are grown even in Australia, but India is still the main supplier of mangoes to the world market. The basis of mango production in India was laid in the second half of the 1556th century by the ruler of the Mughal dynasty - Jalal ad-din Akbar (1605-100). On the plain of the Ganges, he planted a Lag Bah garden of 70 mango trees. Now mango occupies 2% of the area of all orchards in India and its annual harvest is more than XNUMX million tons. For 8000 years of cultivation, the breadwinner tree has acquired legends and has become sacred among people who practice Buddhism and Hinduism. In Hinduism, mango is considered one of the incarnations of the god Prajayati - the Creator of All That Is. Buddhist legend says that Buddha, having received a mango fruit as a gift from the god Amradarika, ordered his disciple to plant a stone and watered it, washing his hands over it. At this place, the sacred mango tree grew and began to bear fruit, generously bestowing its fruits on others. In Hinduism and Buddhism, a ripe mango is a symbol of achievement, love and prosperity. Often the mango fruit is depicted in the hands of the god Ganesh, and the goddess Ambika is sitting under a mango tree. It is believed that Shiva grew and gave the mango to his beloved wife Parvati, so the mango fruit, as a guarantee of prosperity and protection of the gods, is customarily nailed to the foundation of a newly built house. As an agricultural crop, mango is also grown in Brazil, Mexico, Florida and Hawaii, China, Vietnam, Burma, Thailand, Egypt and Pakistan. Thailand is next in terms of mango exports after India, followed by Brazil, Pakistan and other countries. What is the difference between mango and fruit of the middle lane? Mango pulp consists of 76-80% water, contains 11-20% sugars, 0,2-0,5% acids, 0,5% protein. Nutritionists note the usefulness of the fruit as a dietary product: 100 g contains only 70 kcal, but the fruit is unusually rich in carotene, which is 5 times more in mangoes than in oranges. In addition, mango contains a whole complex of vitamins - C, B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, D, E - and trace elements - K, Ca, Mg, P.
Over many years of use, a person has learned to extract the maximum benefit from any part of the plant and the mango fruit. The leaves and bark contain mangiferin, this substance, known as "Indian yellow", is used in pharmacology and the paint and varnish industry. When eating a small amount of mango leaves, the urine of sacred cows acquires a bright yellow color, it is used to dye fabrics. But it is impossible to use mango leaves as feed. This leads to the death of the animal. Recently, another product that can be obtained from seeds has been discovered - mango butter, which is similar in consistency to cocoa butter and shea butter. It is used in the confectionery industry as a substitute for cocoa butter. The only difficulty at present is its small amount and high cost, due to manual collection and pitting. While this promising direction of use is in its infancy. Laminated mango wood can range in color from gray to greenish brown. Despite moisture resistance and ease of processing, furniture is not made from it, since it contains substances that irritate the respiratory tract. For the same reason, wood is never used for firewood, because. smoke is also irritating. The culprit behind all these limitations is the essential oil containing mangiferol and mangiferin. From mango wood, parts of the supporting structures of the roofs of wooden houses, boats, plywood and containers for transporting tin cans with canned food are made. In India, they learned to use mango fruits at any stage of their development. Unripe go to salads and stews, beginners to keep up are used as vegetables and a side dish for fish and meat, somewhat unripe - for pickles, marinades and sauces, and ripe ones - as fruits and for making jams, marmalade and drinks. There is another important area of use: mango powder is part of such well-known seasonings as chutney, curry and amchur. Dried mango slice powder is widely used in Indian cuisine. It is added to dishes for a peculiarly sour taste. When using mango powder, you need to remember that it is highly flammable, and do not scatter it near open flames. Mango Culinary Recipes: Fruit Skewers with Honey Sauce, Amba Mango Sauce, Iced Mango Tea, Original Mango and Cucumber Salad, Mango Sauce, Brazilian Mango, Pumpkin, Shrimp and Ginger Soup, Mint Fruit Soup, Mango Lassi and cardamom with yogurt, Festive Carrot and Mango Salad, Mango and Avocado Salad, Green Mango Salad, Pikanta Mango Sauce, Mango with Tomatoes in Orange Sauce, Exotic Tequila Salad. Without modern medicines, for centuries people have thoroughly studied all the beneficial properties of mango and learned how to use it as a medicinal plant. A decoction of the leaves is used to treat diabetes and increase blood clotting. The juice and pulp of the fruit help to increase resistance to viral infections, reduce the rate of skin keratinization and cure night blindness, when a person does not see at dusk, due to the high content of carotenoids. The complex of vitamins with carotene helps prevent the development of cancer of the digestive system and improves immunity. Freshly squeezed juice treats dermatitis, bronchitis and cleanses the liver. The peel of the fruit has an astringent and tonic effect on the stomach. Mango as a medicinal plant can serve as a panacea for many diseases, if you know how and what parts of the plant should be used to obtain an antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, expectorant, anti-asthma, antiviral and anthelmintic effect. Now there are about 600 mango varieties adapted to various conditions, of which only about 35 are widely grown. Each variety is characterized by the shape and size of the tree, the duration and time of ripening, the shape, color, size and taste of the fruit. The most famous varieties in India are Alphons (Alphons) and Bombay with large, sweet, fragrant fruits without a specific aftertaste. In South India, the harvest is from January to May. From here we get varieties: Pairi (Pairi), nilam (Neelam), Totapuri (Totapuri), Bangapally (Banganpalli), etc. Later - from June to August - mangoes bear fruit in the northern states of India. Mango is a fruit tree known to man for 8000 years. For such a long time, people have learned to use not only the edible pulp of the fruit, but also the bark, wood, flowers and leaves of a generous tree. Despite such a long history, Europeans and Americans got acquainted with mango fruits only about a century ago, but over this short period of time, mango has gained sincere recognition as an excellent dietary fruit that always opens up a new shade of taste. Ahead of Europeans are new discoveries in the use of mango as a vegetable, fragrant seasoning and medicinal plant.
Mango. Interesting plant facts
Great, fabulous, bright, incomprehensible, hot India... One mention of this country inspires thoughts about something unusual; I immediately remember the most famous architectural monuments, for example, the Taj Mahal, palm trees, elephants, sculptures of naked people practicing the ancient art of love and much more... How famous is India! And few people associate India with the majestic and beautiful Mango tree, the fruits of which can be found today in almost every supermarket, and the juice from which many simply adore. But it is India that is the original homeland of this fruitful tree, moreover, the Indian people consider it one of the incarnations of the god Prajayapati, the Creator of All That Is. This tree is sacred to two religions at once - Hinduism and Buddhism. This is also evidenced by the existing custom of laying a mango fruit in the foundation of the house, which is nailed to the foundation with a long nail. Hindus see this as a guarantee of protection and prosperity for all future inhabitants of the house. The history of the origin of the tree goes back to very distant times. Even in the IV-V centuries BC. e. itinerant Buddhist monks brought the mango to Malaya and eastern Asia. Also, mentions of mangoes are found in notes about the Indian campaigns of Alexander the Great, and already in the 6000th century AD, the Persians brought mangoes to East Africa. Thus, the mango has been around for about XNUMX years of its existence. As a result of the natural crossing of Mangifera sylvatica species with Mangifera Indica, the well-known fragrant and juicy mango fruits, which were previously small, dry and sinewy, were produced. These are the games of nature! In modern India, there are about 1000 types of mangoes. Throughout the 1900th century, American scientists worked on breeding mango varieties that could bear fruit in the harsher conditions for a tropical plant in Yucatan and Florida. It wasn't until XNUMX that the first North American mangoes went commercially available in the United States. The era of great geographical discoveries gave the world not only forks, soap and gunpowder, but also spread the flora and fauna of exotic countries almost all over the world. Today, mango is one of the most popular tropical fruits, after citrus and pineapple. Mango trees grow in all tropical countries. However, there is no doubt that India is still the leader in the cultivation of mangoes. The area devoted to the cultivation of mango trees is almost 70% of the total area on which the industrial fruit growing of this country is carried out. India supplies 65% of the world's mango crop, that is, about nine million tons, to the world market. India is followed by Thailand in terms of mango export sales, followed by Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Mexico, Philippines, Tanzania, Dominican Republic and Colombia. So, what is a mango externally? This is a majestic tree, reaching a length of thirty meters and having a wide rounded crown, which, with age, can reach a width of almost 40 meters, becoming more and more vertical and thin towards the top. On well-fertilized soils, the mango root goes into the ground to a depth of six meters, a well-developed wide root system also provides additional deep-growing supporting taproots. Mango tree from the detachment of centenarians. It can grow up to 300 years and still bear fruit. The tree is almost evergreen, its leaves are a rosette located at the ends of branches and numerous branches, from which they hang on thin petioles from three to ten centimeters long. Young foliage that periodically emerges on the branches can be yellowish to pink and even bright red. With age, the leaves acquire a dark green color and a glossy surface. An adult leaf can reach 30 cm in length and 6 cm in width. During the flowering period, the tree is especially beautiful. It is completely covered with numerous small yellowish or reddish flowers. They form decorative, upright clusters, about 40 cm high. Most of the flowers (sometimes 90%) are male, the rest are bisexual. Mangoes come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, colors and qualities. They can be almost round, oval, oval-oblong, often, ripening, the fruits burst at the top and almost always have a somewhat curved shape. The size of mango fruits is also different - from 6-7 cm to 25 cm. Especially large fruits can weigh 2-2,5 kg. Coloring is green, yellow, pink, red, even grayish and lilac when ripe. Some varieties have a slight smell of turpentine oil, but in general the smell of ripe mangoes is intense and very pleasant. The color of the pulp ranges from pale yellow to bright orange. The stone inside the fruit is flat, oval, somewhat elongated, yellowish-white in color. You can grow a tree from it. The fruitful age of a mango is ten years. The abundance of mango flowering directly depends on climatic conditions - the dry season contributes to abundant flowering, and high humidity, on the contrary, negatively affects the appearance of flowers. In India, mango trees bloom in December-January, sometimes capturing (in the north of the country) February and part of March. Usually mango trees give a harvest once a year, however, in industrial gardens and nurseries, a wide variety of achievements of modern agronomy are used, which make it possible to obtain two or even three harvests per year. Mango's natural pollinators are pollen-eating bats, beetles, butterflies, flies, wild bees (not domesticated), wasps, ants, and other nectar-eating insects. A small percentage is due to self-pollination. Unpollinated flowers fall to the ground without developing. Long tropical rains interfere with normal pollination by washing away the pollen. Full ripening of mango fruits occurs within four to five months. Since local birds are very fond of eating delicious pulp and sweet juice, mangoes in India are picked slightly underripe and then stored in a cool room where they ripen perfectly.
So, how can you grow this wonderful tree? Under natural conditions, mango trees grow most actively in the tropics, no higher than at an altitude of 1000 meters. They are accustomed to seasonal showers falling during the four summer months, from June to September, do not harm the ripening of mangoes - after all, flowering and fertilization have already occurred and the small ovaries of mango fruits are already quite capable of withstanding prolonged monsoon rains. Unlike trees growing in countries where heavy rains fall between October and February, and fog also occurs at the same time, mango trees are at risk of fungal infection of inflorescences and ovaries. Strong winds also contribute to the fall of unripe fruits growing far from India and Southeast Asia. Mango trees are not very demanding on the composition of the soil, they only need good drainage. Rich in fatty loam, well-moistened, fertilized soil contributes to the active vegetative growth of the tree, but to the detriment of its abundance of flowering and fruiting. Mango is very favorable to sandy and rocky soils, grows well in Israel on saline limestones It is easy to grow mangoes from seeds. If the fruit from which the stone was taken was ripe, then the sprout will be strong and will quickly sprout. Another condition: the bone must be fresh, not dried. If the stone cannot be planted within a few days of removing it from the fruit, then it should be placed in a container filled with damp earth, sand or sawdust and kept there until planting is possible. In this state, the bones retain up to 80% germination for two months. Also Preservation of germination can be achieved by storing the seed in a plastic bag, but the sprouts in this case are somewhat weakened. Before planting, you should first completely remove the pulp from the stone, and then carefully open the hard shell with a sharp knife, which in a fully ripe fruit easily leaves the seed. This operation accelerates germination, avoids squeezing young roots, and also makes it possible to remove the larvae of the flower weevil, which can settle there in plants growing in regions where this pest is typical. And, finally, freed from the hard shell, the seed is treated with a fungicide and immediately planted. The container in which the seed is placed must have a solid bottom in order to prevent the active growth of the tap root, which, without encountering a hard obstacle in its path, can easily reach a length of 45-60 cm, while the height of the sprout itself will be only a third, maximum, half of this length. In this case, transplanting a seedling to a permanent "residence" will be unsafe for the life of the plant. The seed is immersed in the sand mixture with the narrow end down, so that about a quarter of the seed is visible from the outside. In tropical and subtropical climates, the seed will germinate in 8-14 days, in cooler conditions, germination may take 3-4 weeks. Fruiting of a seedling begins in the sixth year of life, and a full yield is achieved in the fifteenth year. Well, everything seems to be clear with the bones, but what about the cuttings? Here the matter is much more complicated. Even under the condition that you treat the planted mango cuttings with special growth stimulants (without which the cutting will die while still in the ground), the probability of survival of the cutting is on average 60%. It is best to take a cutting from a mature tree. The bark of the branch from which the cutting will be taken is incised with an annular incision 40 days before the cutting is separated. After cutting the cutting, it is treated with a stimulant and germinated in water, and only after that the seedling is planted in a container or open ground. However, neither germinated cuttings nor air layers give a good root system, so this method is practically not used. In addition, the taste of the mango fruit grown from the stone can be quite unexpected. In order for the fruit to be tasty, it is necessary to graft a certain variety onto a seedling, or the plant must be produced by a clone (layers) from a varietal tree. Dwarf mango varieties (grafted plants) are an ideal choice for those who dream of growing a fruit-bearing exotic tree in their apartment or small winter garden. The plant begins to bear fruit the very next year, flowering occurs from January to April, and the fruits ripen by mid-summer. In addition to the fact that mango is an extremely tasty fruit, it also turned out to be very useful. For example, dried mango flowers, which contain tannin, are used as an astringent for diarrhea, chronic dysentery, they bring relief from inflammation of the bladder and chronic urethritis caused by gonorrhea. Mango bark in India is used in the treatment of rheumatism and diphtheria. Gum obtained from the trunk of the mango tree is applied to cracked heels and scratches, and is even believed to help in the treatment of syphilis. Boiled and ground mango seeds are an excellent antihelminthic and hemostatic agent, they are applied to bleeding hemorrhoids. Fat obtained from mango seeds, lubricate the oral cavity with stomatitis. And the extract obtained from unripe fruits, bark, young twigs and leaves is a real plant antibiotic! In some Caribbean islands, mango leaf decoction is used to treat diarrhea, fever, chest pain, diabetes, hypertension, and other ailments. A combined leafy decoction, which also includes mango leaves, is used for heavy postpartum bleeding. Despite all its amazing qualities, the mango is still a member of the family, which includes very poisonous plants, such as toxidendron. And this is reflected in some of its properties. The juice that is released from the cutting, which attaches the fruit to the branch, has the property of irritating the skin, sometimes, with special individual sensitivity, even blisters may appear on the skin. In some, especially sensitive people, if this juice gets on the skin, swelling of the eyelids and the entire face, and sometimes other parts of the body, may occur. It is better for such people to generally refrain from growing mangoes, peeling fruits from the skin, and from eating fruits, both the mango itself and products containing its pulp or juice. Mango wood is never used as firewood for a hearth or for cooking, as even the smoke from burning it has an irritating effect.
Mango, Mangifera. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
Ethnoscience:
Cosmetology:
Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Mango, Mangifera. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Mango (Mangifera) is an exotic fruit that can be grown in warm regions or indoors. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing mangoes: Cultivation:
Workpiece:
Storage:
Mango is a source of vitamins, antioxidants and dietary fiber that are beneficial to health. Follow these tips to grow, harvest and store mangoes and use them as food. Please note that the mango has a large pit inside that must be removed before consumption.
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