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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Orange is sweet. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Sweet orange, Citrus sinensis. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Citrus (Citrus) Family: Rutaceae (Rutaceae) Origin: The sweet orange originates from China, where it was bred from wild varieties of orange plants. Today it is grown in various countries including Spain, Brazil, USA, Mexico and others. Area: The plant is grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world where the climate allows it to thrive. Chemical composition: Oranges contain vitamin C, carotenoids, flavonoids, acids and other beneficial substances. Economic value: Oranges are widely used in the food industry for the production of juice, jams, canned fruits and other products. They are also used in medicine and cosmetology due to their beneficial properties. Legends, myths, symbolism: In ancient Chinese legends, the orange was associated with longevity and prosperity. It was also believed that orange trees protect against evil spirits and misfortune, their fruits bring good luck and success in business. In Christian symbolism, the sweet orange is associated with Christmas and holidays associated with this theme. It can also symbolize love, gratitude and generosity.
Orange is sweet. Citrus sinensis. Description, illustrations of the plant Orange. Legends, myths, history
The history of the Latin name for orange is quite interesting. It turns out that in ancient Greece, people fought moths with the help of plants that had a specific aroma. After the famous campaigns of Alexander the Great, the ancient Greeks first became acquainted with orange trees. The smell of their fruits reminded them of zest, so oranges began to be called cedros. The Romans, by analogy with the Greek version, called oranges citruses (citrus). According to ancient Greek legend, Gaia gave Hera golden orange orchards on her wedding day to Zeus. The first wedding night of the great gods lasted three hundred years. They doused themselves with water from a sacred spring and enjoyed the smell of oranges, Hera again and again became a virgin. From uninvited guests, this magical orange garden was guarded by the Hesperides and the monstrous dragon Ladon. Orange trees were first brought to Rus' in the XNUMXth century from Holland. Thanks to this historical fact, their Russian name was formed - from the Dutch words appel - apple and Sina - China. Author: Martyanova L.M.
Sweet orange, Citrus sinensis Osb. Botanical description, history of origin, nutritional value, cultivation, use in cooking, medicine, industry
An evergreen tree up to 12 m high, with a dense compact crown. Shoots and branches have sharp spines. The leaves are oval, narrow, dark green. The flowers are usually solitary, fragrant, white. The fruit is a multi-celled berry with juicy sweet and sour orange pulp, which contains the seeds. The peel is dense, reddish-yellow. Blooms in May - June. The birthplace of the orange is India and China, from where it came to culture in Iran, Syria, and Egypt. In the XI century, orange began to be cultivated in the Mediterranean countries. In the XNUMXth century, the orange was brought to the territory of Georgia. It is currently the most common crop in the tropics and subtropics. The largest suppliers are the countries of South America, as well as Italy, Spain, Morocco and Greece. A feature of this culture is its comparative frost resistance. The trunk freezes to the ground only at a temperature of -9 ° C, and the leaves are damaged at 6-7 ° C below zero. For normal flowering of the tree, a positive air temperature of at least 16 ° C is required. In many orange-growing regions, trees vegetate almost all year round; in our subtropics, the period of growth of orange plants lasts from April to August. Fruiting occurs in the third or fourth year after planting in a permanent place and lasts up to 100 years. Harvest is in December. Physiologically underdeveloped fruits go for processing, and healthy, regular shape, without damage - for fresh consumption. Oranges are distinguished by keeping quality and good transportability. The main thing that determines the quality of fruits is sugars, organic acids (mainly citric) and a large amount of vitamin C. In terms of vitamin C content, they exceed apples by two times, pears by six times, and grapes by twenty. There are also vitamins B1, B2, P and carotene, macronutrients (calcium, potassium, phosphorus), phytoncides and dyes, a lot of pectins. An essential oil was found in the peel of the fruit. Orange flowers and leaves contain essential oil and glycosides. The medicinal properties of orange have been known for a long time. Back in the XNUMXth century, the famous physician Avicenna made medicines mixed with sour orange juice. Orange fruit has been used to treat scurvy. Modern medicine recommends oranges for the prevention and treatment of beriberi. Orange juice stimulates the appetite and improves digestion. Orange fruits are used for gastritis with low acidity, chronic constipation and as a choleretic agent. Thanks to pectins, oranges reduce the amount of toxic substances in the intestines. Fresh juice is recommended to drink on an empty stomach for hypertension, atherosclerosis, liver disease, gout. An infusion of the peel is considered a good anti-inflammatory agent. Oranges are a high quality dietary product. Juice, compote, candied fruit and jam are made from fruits. Valuable essential oils and various essences obtained from the peel are widely used in the food and perfume industries. Authors: Kretsu L.G., Domashenko L.G., Sokolov M.D.
Sweet orange (Chinese orange), Citrus sinensis (L.) Pers. Botanical description, distribution, chemical composition, features of use
The rue family is Rutaceae. Evergreen tree 7-12 m high with thorny shoots. The leaves are simple, oval, rarely oblong, acute, entire. Flowers solitary or in few-flowered racemes or corymbs. The pistil is multi-fruited. Calyx 0,5 cm in diameter. Petals are white, stamens 20-25. Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered corymbs. The fruit is a multi-celled berry, orange, with a smooth or rough rind. The pulp is sweet and sour, orange, with or without seeds, consists of juicy spindle-shaped processes growing from the walls of the carpels. The inner pericarp is white, spongy. Known only in culture. Homeland - the southern slopes of the Himalayas. Orange fruits contain up to 15% sugars (mainly fructose and glucose), citric acid (0,6-2%), ascorbic acid (up to 0,07%), as well as rutin, thiamine, riboflavin, carotene, pectin substances, mainly in the unpainted part ("albedo"), phytoncides, salts of potassium, calcium, phosphorus, pigments; in the bark of branches and roots, peel of fruits, flowers, buds, leaves - essential oils. The highest content of essential oil is observed in the peel of fruits (0,33-2,1%). Obtained from the peel of the fruit by pressing or extraction with volatile solvents, it is a yellow or yellow-brown liquid with a characteristic odor and a very pleasant taste. The composition of the oil includes D-limonene (90%), n-decylaldehyde, D-linalool, n-nonyl alcohol, D-terpineol, caprylic acid esters, anthranilic acid methyl ester, citral, citronellal. The aroma of fruit pulp is due to the presence of a number of volatile compounds: alcohols (ethyl, amyl, phenylethyl), esters of organic acids (formic, acetic, caprylic), acetone, geraniol, acetaldehyde and terpineol. The peel of the fruit contains flavone glycosides - hesperidin, naringin and isosacuranetin-7-rhamnoglycoside. The fruits are widely used fresh for dessert, as well as for processing into juice, drinks, jams, candied fruits, and are used in confectionery. An essential oil is obtained from the peel of the fruit, which is used to make various drinks, liqueurs, tinctures, and to flavor medicines and food products. As a spice, they are used in various sweet dishes, biscuits, sauces, fish, poultry and rice dishes. Orange juice quenches thirst well in febrile conditions. The complex of vitamins and other biologically active substances of orange is an effective means of preventing and treating obesity, hypo- and beriberi, gout, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and liver diseases. Due to the high content of pectin, orange fruits improve bowel function, help eliminate harmful substances, and reduce putrefactive processes. Fruit pulp and juice, fresh or canned, excite the appetite and improve digestion. It is especially recommended to eat oranges or drink juice in the morning on an empty stomach and in the evening before going to bed for elderly people suffering from constipation. Orange juice is contraindicated in peptic ulcer and gastritis with high acidity of gastric juice. In folk medicine, it has long been used as an antipyretic, with hemoptysis, for the treatment of infected wounds and ulcers, urolithiasis; alcohol tincture of the peel - as an anti-febrile agent, and an aqueous decoction of the peel of unripe oranges - as a hemostatic agent for heavy menstruation and other uterine bleeding. From the flowers of the orange tree, orange water was distilled, which was recommended as a diaphoretic and hemostatic agent. Orange peels are used to repel clothes moths. Authors: Dudchenko L.G., Kozyakov A.S., Krivenko V.V.
Sweet orange (Chinese orange). reference Information
An evergreen fruit tree of the rue family native to Southeast Asia. Widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries, as well as in Adjara. Not found in the wild. Orange occupies a dominant position among citrus fruits. The sweet orange is mentioned in Chinese manuscripts from 2200 BC. e. From China, the Arabs brought it to Syria and Africa. Orange came to Europe in the second half of the 1714th century. The Turks brought the orange to Batumi. In Russia, the first orange greenhouses appeared in XNUMX (in Oranienbaum near St. Petersburg). In open culture, orange has been cultivated in the Caucasus since the beginning of the XNUMXth century. Orange fruits contain up to 12% sugars, 0,6-2% citric acid, up to 65 mg% vitamin C, as well as vitamins P, A, B1, B2, pectin, phytoncides, minerals (potassium, calcium, phosphorus) , pigments; in the peel of fruits, flowers and leaves - essential oils. The fruits are widely used as food for dessert, as well as for processing into juice, drinks, jams, candied fruits, and are used in the confectionery industry. From the peel of the fruit, an essential oil is obtained, which is used to make various fruit drinks, liqueurs, and tinctures. Orange juice quenches thirst well in febrile conditions. The complex of orange vitamins is an effective means of preventing and treating hypo- and beriberi, gout, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and liver diseases. Due to the high content of pectin, orange fruits improve bowel function, help eliminate harmful substances, and reduce putrefactive processes. Fresh or canned fruit pulp and juice excite the appetite and improve digestion. Especially recommended for elderly people suffering from chronic constipation. However, orange juice is contraindicated in peptic ulcer and gastritis with high acidity of gastric juice. In folk medicine, the juice has long been used to treat infected wounds and ulcers, an alcoholic tincture of the peel as an anti-febrile agent, and an aqueous decoction of the peels, especially unripe oranges, together with the peel, as a hemostatic agent for heavy menstruation and other uterine bleeding. Authors: Dudnichenko L.G., Krivenko V.V.
Sweet orange, Citrus sinensis. Methods of application, origin of the plant, range, botanical description, cultivation
The fruits are consumed fresh, processed into juices, canned food, jam, candied fruit, marmalade, used to flavor confectionery, essential oil is obtained from the peel, flowers and leaves, pectin is extracted from the peel. The pulp after squeezing the juice is used for livestock feed. Sweet orange is one of the leading rootstocks of citrus crops. The most important species among citrus crops. Arriving at the end of the XNUMXth century. to Europe, and soon after to Africa and America, the orange became one of the most important fruit crops everywhere. The orange is unknown in the wild. Came from Southeast Asia. It is known that the best quality fruits are produced in the subtropical zone - in the Mediterranean basin and in California (USA). In the tropics, the best sites are at an altitude of 800-1200 m above sea level. seas in monsoon climates. Trees growing on humid tropical plains, as a rule, produce fruits of reduced quality (lack of normal color and aroma, low acidity). Under these conditions, the normal timing of flowering is also violated, it becomes irregular, stretched (for example, in the Indian states of Kerala and Assam, in Indonesia). Orange forms powerful durable (up to 70 years) trees up to 20 m high, sometimes (in beetles) up to 4-5 m. The crown is spherical or pyramidal, dense, densely leafy. The branches are often thorny, sometimes up to 10 cm long. Flowers are axillary, solitary or in bunches of 2-3, fragrant, stamens 20-25 with fused or almost free filaments, in some varieties the stamens are sterile. The fruits are spherical, somewhat elongated or compressed-spherical of various sizes. The peel is smooth or rough, yellow-orange, without bitterness, with oil glands; the pulp is brightly colored, juicy, sweet and sour. Number of slices 9-13; seeds are white, multi-embryonic (from 2 to 12). The fruits contain citric acid (0,6-2,0%), sugar (from 6-8 to 15%); vitamins: C, carotene, P (hesperidin, eriodictyol) - in peel and juice. There are seedless forms. According to the demands on the temperature of the environment, the orange is more of a subtropical rather than a tropical plant. It has a fairly high resistance to low temperatures. So, some varieties can withstand temperatures down to minus 4-6 ° C. Varieties are divided into ordinary, umbilical and bloody. The red color of the flesh and skin of blood oranges is caused by the pigment anthocyanin. According to the classification of P. M. Zhukovsky, varieties are combined into 4 groups. Ordinary varieties have fruits of different sizes, from small (5 x 5) cm to large, spherical or oval, multi-seeded, with yellow flesh, sweet and sour, with a significant number of seeds, high yield. In umbilical varieties, the fruits are large, weighing 200-250 g, sometimes up to 500-600 g. A feature of the fruit is the presence of an outgrowth on the top of the fruit. The fruits are relatively early, very tasty. Differ in the increased frost resistance. Main varieties: Washington Navel, Robertson Navel, Thomson Navel, etc. In addition to these groups of varieties, there are numerous hybrids: tangors (orange x tangerine), citranges (orange x trifoliata), citranjquats (orange x trifoliata) x kumquat, citranjemes (orange x trisroliata) x desert lime, etc. The most important orange varieties in the global citrus industry include the following: Valencia is vigorous and productive. The fruits are medium in size, with excellent taste, there are few seeds (5-6). Late ripening: on about. Trinidad - March - July, in California (USA) - April - September. The most important commercial variety in the Caribbean, Brazil, USA (California), South Africa, Australia, Spain. Washington Navel - probably a kidney mutation obtained in the state of Bahia (Brazil) at the beginning of the XNUMXth century. Fruits of excellent taste, with sweet juice, large, with a thick skin, seedless, transportable, medium in terms of ripening: on about. Trinidad - from November to February, in California (USA) - from November to April. The humid tropical climate is unfavorable for the cultivation of this variety, as the fruits become excessively large, as if swollen. The variety is successfully cultivated in the subtropics of the USA (California), in Australia, the Mediterranean countries, and South Africa. In a number of areas, the early varieties Gamlin and Parson Brown, the medium-term Pineple, the blood orange varieties Maltese and Ruby, and the Jaffa varieties Yaffa and Shamuti (in Palestine) are widely cultivated. The most important varieties of orange on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus: Pervenets, Washington-Navel, Gamlin, Best Sukhumi, Local; there are also varieties Kelasursky, Adzharsky seedless, Umbilical No. 3, Local thin-skinned, Umbilical Tomson, Seyanets Nakaidze. Spanish kings. The trees are characterized by short stature, small fruits with bright red, tasty and peculiar pulp juice, the fruits ripen late. Jaffa oranges are named after the Palestinian province of Jaffa. The trees are strong, the leaves are large, the fruits are specific, large, oval, the peel is dark orange, as if tuberculate, very thick (albedo), easily separated from the pulp. The volume of the pulp is small, but the taste and juiciness are exceptional. These include the Belladi, Joppa, Shamuti, Khalili varieties, as well as the late-ripening Valencia. Orange fruits are transported at an air temperature of 2 to 5 °C in refrigerators, stored at an air temperature of 2 to 6 °C and a relative humidity of 85-90%. Authors: Baranov V.D., Ustimenko G.V.
oranges. Interesting plant facts
It is said that there are no tastier oranges anywhere than on the island of Trinidad. But they never appear on European markets. The trouble with these fruits is their appearance. Nature has betrayed them. Instead of the usual orange, the fruits remain poisonous green, as if unripe. Yes, even on a green background, yellow smeared spots. Like a disease. They are bought with caution when there are no orange ones at hand. The buyer appreciates the product primarily for its appearance. The orange must first please the eye, and then the stomach. Of course, from the point of view of health and benefits for humans, the color of the peel does not play any role. Oranges have other, more important shortcomings. And first of all, their chilliness. Orange is a resident of the tropics. And it is grown most often in the subtropics. And then there are frosts, and considerable ones. In 1709, such colds passed across the Mediterranean that all orange groves completely froze. I had to replant everything. Milder frosts occur more frequently, almost every twenty years. And the evergreen beauties are dying. But gardeners don't give up. They remember peaches. Those have a productive life of only ten years! And still consider it profitable to plant. And here it is almost twice as much. But the trouble is that the evergreen creature matures for too long. It gives the first flowers when it is two or three years old, but a real, big harvest - by the age of twenty! And here is the frost. To reduce the term of maturity is the main task that the breeders have set themselves. Of course, one cannot imagine an orange as a bunch of flaws. It also has beneficial aspects that other fruit trees do not have. It does not require storage for storing fruits for future use. The fruits, when ripe, are stored directly on the tree. The Spaniards were the first to notice. They began to enhance the useful quality and ensured that the fruits began to be stored on the tree all year round! Probably, it is possible to extend the shelf life, but the trouble is: over time, the fruits begin to lose flavor, juiciness and sugar content. And most importantly, there are fewer new, fresh ones.
There is a lot of controversy about the peel. What should she be - thick or thin? Connoisseurs say that a thick peel is an extra ballast and is unprofitable for the buyer, but it is good when transported over long distances: the fruits do not suffer so much. Knowing this rule, we were very surprised when we met in Algeria, on the edge of the Sahara, a farmer selling oranges. We then traveled from the capital of the country to the town of Bou Saada. The farm stood on a high road, along which hundreds more of the same tourist buses from all over the world hurried to Bou Saada. Right next to the road, the farmer set up a table and laid out his products on it. He had two kinds of oranges. Some were thin-skinned (for the sample, he cut one at a time!), others with a thick skin that occupied most of the fruit and only a little pulp remained in the center. What surprised us was that thin-skinned ones were cheaper, thick-skinned ones were more expensive. - You didn't make a mistake by setting the price? one of our women asked jokingly in French. “No, madam,” he answered. - That's right. Thick-skinned are Jaffa oranges. We did not know then what kind of Jaffa. And chose thin-skinned. And only that our companion, who asked, took a pair of Jaffa ones for testing. How we regretted later that we did not take the Jaffa ones! The thin-skinned ones were so sour that they cramped their cheekbones. But the taste of Jaffa turned out to be incomparable. As I later found out, this variety was a descendant of the famous Arabic variety Bellada. His kidney mutation. In our subtropics, an orange, if it succeeds, is in the extreme south, near Batumi. But the tangerine grows well. It was "peeped" in Japan by Professor A. Krasnov and at the end of the last century he brought it along with other "gifts of the East". In Japan, where oranges are also difficult, there is a real tangerine kingdom. The Japanese collect almost half of the world's harvest of these fruits on their islands. Quite unexpectedly, at the end of the last century, an orange and a tangerine had a competitor - grapefruit. Nobody knows where he came from. According to rumors, a bitter citrus called pomelo was once brought to the West Indies. Pomelo was inferior to an orange in taste, but it was amazing in size. Its fruits were almost three times larger. The grapefruit is thought to be a hybrid of pomelo and orange. From the first he inherited the size of the fetus. And he acquired a hitherto unknown property from citrus fruits - to bear fruit in clusters, like grapes. But if the appearance of the newly appeared citrus was seductive, then the same could not be said about its internal qualities. The flesh turned out to be bitter, pale-whitish in appearance. Plus lots of seeds. However, citrus growers have tried to improve the grape-like creature. First they did away with the seeds. Then the fruits with pink flesh were selected. In 1913, a branch was seen on the white-meaty Marsh variety that produced pink fruits, and the pink-meaty Thompson variety was created. Then it was possible to develop varieties with thick red flesh and even red skin. As a result, the fruit began to look like a rosy-cheeked peach. The bitterness remained. It was eliminated fairly quickly. And then the unexpected happened. Buyers refused to take fruits without bitterness. They seemed insipid, like soaked cotton wool. Therefore, in modern varieties, a slight bitterness is preserved. However, as for bitterness, people's tastes diverged. Some people still don't like it. And this is what it led to. In the 30s, there was a grapefruit boom. Plantings of new citrus began to grow like mushrooms after rain. This minion of fate only half began to yield to the old well-deserved orange and four times overtook the lemon. The owners of orange groves followed the dashing onslaught of grapefruit with spiritual trepidation. Will it push traditional goods out of the market? However, this did not happen. After the war, the orange again took the lead and gave twice the harvest. Doubled its ranks and lemon. And the grapefruit, as it was, remained so. Its area has increased by the smallest. And almost all over the world they are eaten if there is no sweet orange on hand. Not everyone likes the bitterness in these fruits, even if they are cut in half and sprinkled with sugar. Author: Smirnov A.
Orange. Useful information about the plant
Orange peel is an excellent raw material for the preparation of eau de toilette, softening, toning and flavoring the skin. To get orange toilet water, you only need to pour boiling water over the peel for a while and close it tightly. Insist until completely cooled, strain. A refreshing and nourishing orange pulp mask is very effective. Slightly unripe fruits are taken, cut into thin slices or circles, which are evenly applied to the face and neck. It turns out a moisturizing and nourishing vitamin mask that relieves skin fatigue and restores freshness and attractiveness to it. Author: Reva M.L.
Sweet orange, Citrus sinensis. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
Ethnoscience:
Cosmetology:
Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Sweet orange, Citrus sinensis. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) is a large, juicy fruit tree that can be grown both in the garden and in pots. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing oranges: Cultivation:
Preparation and storage:
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