Rapeseed (colza). Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application

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Rapeseed (colza). Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application

cultivated and wild plants. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application

Directory / Cultivated and wild plants

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Content

Photos, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Botanical description, reference data, useful information, illustrations
Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
Tips for growing, harvesting and storing

Rapeseed (colza), Brassica napus. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism

Rapeseed (colza)

Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism

Sort by: Brassica

Family: Cabbage (Brassicaceae)

Origin: The wild rapeseed is found in southern and western Europe, while the cultivated variant is found in the northwestern Indian subcontinent. Currently grown in many countries of the world, including Russia.

Area: distributed in many countries of the world, including Russia, Canada, China, USA and Europe.

Chemical composition: The seeds of the plant contain oils (about 40%), proteins (about 20%) and carbohydrates (about 25%). The oils obtained from the seeds of the plant are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, vitamins E and K, carotenoids, and other phytochemicals.

Economic value: Rapeseed is a valuable source of vegetable oil, which is used in the food, cosmetic and technical industries. In addition, the plant is used as feed for livestock and poultry, as well as for the production of biodiesel. As a field crop, rapeseed helps control diseases and weeds, and improves soil fertility.

Legends, myths, symbolism: In some cultures, including the Celtic and Scandinavian, rapeseed is considered a symbol of wealth and abundance. In Scandinavian mythology, rape was associated with the goddess Freya, the goddess of fertility, love and abundance. In ancient Germanic mythology, rapeseed was considered a guardian plant that protected people from evil spirits.

Colza (colza), Brassica napus. Description, illustrations of the plant

Colza (colza), Brassica napus. Methods of application, origin of the plant, range, botanical description, cultivation

Rapeseed (colza)

Rape seeds contain an average of 44% oil (winter forms - 45-50%, spring - 32-35%). Rapeseed oil semi-drying (iodine value 94-117); it is used in the production of margarine, used in metallurgical, paint and varnish, chemical and other industries.

Rape cake contains up to 37% protein and 10% fat, 1 kg of cake is estimated as 1 feed. units In addition to the noted rape, it is a valuable crop when grown for green fodder and grazing.

Tests of spring rapeseed varieties have shown that in regions where the frost-free period is 105-110 days, it can be successfully cultivated as an oilseed crop with a high protein yield for animal husbandry.

It arose as a result of natural crossing of leaf and field cabbage. Although rapeseed has been known as an oilseed for millennia, its cultivation is relatively recent. Currently, rapeseed is the main oilseed crop in 28 countries of the world, and interest in it continues to grow.

The largest crops are in India, China, Pakistan, Canada, Chile, Mexico, Poland, France, Germany, Sweden. The homeland of rapeseed is the Mediterranean, but the culture of rape from the most remote times is most common in India. Then, obviously, the English and Dutch colonialists brought rapeseed seeds to Europe.

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera Metzg.), Cabbage family (Brassicaceae). Unknown in the wild. It is represented in culture by two forms - winter (biennis) and spring (annua). In Russia, mainly winter varieties are cultivated.

Winter rapeseed is more demanding on the climate, its frost resistance is low (minus 8-10 °C). Spring rapeseed (colza) is less demanding on growing conditions, but is inferior to winter forms in terms of yield and oil content.

Rapeseed is an annual winter or spring plant, the root system of the plant is well developed. The stem is straight, round, branched, covered with a wax coating, bluish-green or bluish-violet (cabbage) color, 100-130 cm tall.

The leaves of the rosette are lyre-pinnatifid, the upper leaves are elongated-lanceolate with an expanded base covering the stem. The flowers are yellow, collected in a racemose inflorescence. The fruit is a narrow pod 5-10 cm long, cracking when ripe. Seeds are round-spherical, black, grayish-black, reddish or light brown. The weight of 1000 seeds is 3-7 g (usually 5,2-5,3 g). Self-pollination predominates, but cross-pollination is also possible. Good honey plant.

Previously, the expansion of rapeseed crops was hampered by the lack of high-yielding varieties, especially those with a low content of erucic acid and glycosinolates (sulphur-containing substances).

Currently, breeding work is aimed at creating varieties with a high percentage of linoleic acid and low linolenic acid (up to 5 and below). Scientists consider the ratio of linoleic and linolenic acids 3-4:1 to be desirable.

Rapeseed (colza)

Rapeseed: 1 - general view of the plant in the phase of flowering and fruit formation; 2 - fruit; 3 - seed

Breeders pay great attention to the agricultural technology of rapeseed plants. For example, in Germany, the task was set to obtain medium-late and medium-early varieties of rapeseed with plants up to 130 cm high (current plant height 180 cm), having 6 flowering shoots extending from the stems at a height of 80 cm, an average of 54 pods with 27 seeds in each (weight 5 g) and seed yield of 3,64 t/ha. It is believed that such plants are resistant to lodging, are less affected by diseases, bloom and ripen more evenly, and are more suitable for mechanized harvesting.

Work in the field of selection is carried out in 3 directions:

creation of high-oil grades for food use, mainly for the margarine industry, with a low content of linolenic and erucic acids;
creation of varieties for technical use, where an increased content of erucic acid in the oil is allowed;
creation of high-yielding fodder varieties with a rich content of proteins in the green mass with a low content of mustard oil glucosides.

The technology of rapeseed cultivation is close to that of wheat cultivation. In crop rotation, it is placed in pairs (after potatoes, herbs) and high rates of organic and mineral fertilizers are applied. For seeds, winter rapeseed (in the temperate zone) is sown only in autumn, and to obtain green mass - in autumn, early spring and summer.

Sowing methods - ordinary row when sowing 4-12 kg/ha and wide-row with row spacing 45-60 cm, sowing rate - 4-8 kg/ha.

Harvesting rapeseed requires special attention, as its pods crack and the seeds fall off. For winter rapeseed, one- and two-phase harvesting is used. Spring rapeseed is harvested by direct combining. After harvesting and finishing, the seeds are stored at a moisture content of 8-9%.

Authors: Baranov V.D., Ustimenko G.V.

Rape. Botanical description of the plant, areas of growth and ecology, economic importance, applications

Rapeseed (colza)

Rapeseed is the result of a natural cross between kale and field cabbage. Although rapeseed has been known as an oilseed for millennia, its cultivation is relatively recent. Currently, rapeseed is the main oilseed crop in 28 countries of the world, and interest in it continues to grow.

Rape cake contains up to 37% protein and 10% fat, 1 kg of cake is estimated as 1 feed. units In addition to the noted rape, it is a valuable crop when grown for green fodder and grazing.

Winter rapeseed is more demanding on the climate, its frost resistance is low (minus 8-10°C). Spring rapeseed (colza) is less demanding on growing conditions, but is inferior to winter forms in terms of yield and oil content.

Rapeseed (colza)

Previously, the expansion of rapeseed crops was hampered by the lack of high-yielding varieties, especially those with a low content of erucic acid and glycosinolates (sulphur-containing substances).

Sowing / planting. Sowing methods - ordinary row when sowing 4-12 kg/ha and wide-row with row spacing 45-60 cm, sowing rate - 4-8 kg/ha.

Harvest. Harvesting rapeseed requires special attention, as its pods crack and the seeds fall off. For winter rapeseed, one- and two-phase harvesting is used. Spring rapeseed is harvested by direct combining. After harvesting and finishing, the seeds are stored at a moisture content of 8-9%.

Rape. Botanical description, distribution, chemical composition, features of use

Rapeseed (colza)

Rapeseed is a large, tall, annual, herbaceous plant of the Cabbage (Cruciferous) family, which is considered one of the most important oilseeds on the planet.

Rapeseed is a tall (about 190 cm high), annual, herbaceous plant with powerful, thick (3-3,5 cm in diameter), erect, highly branching stems. They are cylindrical in shape and green, dark green or bluish green in color. The stem is covered with a thin, smooth skin, with a characteristic thin layer of waxy coating.

Quite large, pubescent or bare, covered with a wax coating, the leaves are arranged in the next order. At the top of the stem, the leaves are practically sessile, elongated-lanceolate in shape, with an entire margin, while the lower ones have a small petiole and a spear-shaped shape. Rape also has a third type of leaves - pinnately dissected, lyre-shaped in outline, with a rounded or wavy top, a long petiole, collected in a large basal rosette. The color of the leaf plate is usually bluish-green or reddish.

During the flowering period, small, inconspicuous flowers appear on the plant, collected in small, loose, axillary, racemose or paniculate inflorescences, the wheel-shaped corolla consists of 4, bright yellow, elliptical or oval petals, with a sharp top.

After pollination, fruits begin to form on the plant - long, narrow, slightly tuberculate or smooth, straight or slightly curved, greenish pods, with small, round-spherical, cellular, grayish-black or brownish-black seeds.

The root system is very powerful, rod-shaped, with a thickened, highly branched, thick, central root, which in winter varieties of rapeseed can reach 3 meters in length (in spring varieties, this figure is a little more modest - only 2 m).

Rapeseed is a rather unusual plant, the true origin of which is still unknown. The thing is that this oil culture is a natural hybrid of rapeseed and garden cabbage, which appeared in the fourth millennium BC. Remarkably, scientists still cannot understand how the process of hybridization of such different plants took place and how the resulting hybrid could spread to almost all continents of the Northern Hemisphere.

Rapeseed was introduced into culture in the XNUMXth century in England, and grown in Russia only at the end of the XNUMXth century. However, at the same time, the sowing areas were rather modest, since rapeseed oil had a rather low taste, and honey based on it was not suitable for wintering bees.

The situation changed at the end of the XNUMXth century, when rapeseed was recognized as suitable for the manufacture of biodiesel, a biologically clean type of fuel that minimizes the damage caused to the environment by various machines and mechanisms.

Rapeseed (colza)

Rapeseed has a rather ancient history of cultivation, but it only became truly popular in the XNUMXth century, when its suitability for making biodiesel was discovered. In addition, at the same time, the demand for rapeseed oil in cooking increased. The thing is that the oil of natural varieties of rapeseed contains a high concentration of eurucic acid, which negatively affects human health.

However, Canadian scientists were able to create a plant hybrid with a minimal amount of this substance. The oil from this cultivar called "canola" has a fairly high nutritional and taste value and is considered no less beneficial to the human body than the very popular olive oil. Because of this, rapeseed is often referred to as the "northern olive".

Rapeseed is a natural hybrid of colza and garden cabbage, so it simply does not have a natural range. However, at the same time, it is quite often found in fields and meadows in the wild in North Africa, North America, Europe and Asia.

In cultivation, rapeseed is grown almost everywhere throughout the Northern Hemisphere as a very valuable oilseed and fodder crop.

Rapeseed is a fairly common industrial crop that is grown all over the world to produce valuable oil. In total there are 2 main varieties of rapeseed oil - food and technical. Food is widely used in cooking for salads, first and second courses, as well as in the food industry for the manufacture of margarine and other solid fats of vegetable origin. Technical rapeseed oil is used in the leather, soap, metallurgical and textile industries, as well as for the manufacture of biodiesel.

The green mass of rapeseed after preliminary purification from heavy substances is often used as livestock feed, and its ground grains (meal) are added to poultry feed.

In addition, rapeseed is often planted as green manure - a green crop that is used to fertilize fields.

Colza, Brassica catnpestris L. Classification, synonyms, botanical description, nutritional value, cultivation

Rapeseed (colza)

One of the forms of rapeseed, the leaves of which are eaten like watercress.

The plant is annual; stem 0,5-1,5 m high, branches and covered with a wax coating; flowers in racemes, large, yellow (like swede).

The pods are narrow, 5-10 cm long; rounded seeds, small, similar to swede seeds.

The leaves have a bitter taste, like many other cruciferous plants. Usually they are green in color, but there is a variety of red-leaved colza.

It is sown, like rapeseed, directly into the ground in early spring.

Usually young leaves of young plants are used. Therefore, in order to have early greens, colza is sometimes grown in greenhouses and greenhouses.

Sowing is done thickened, just as dill is sown.

Author Ipatiev A.N.

Colza (colza), Brassica napus. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology

cultivated and wild plants. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application

Ethnoscience:

Canola Seed Tea for Cough Treatment: Pour 1 ml of boiling water over 250 teaspoon of rape seeds and leave for 10-15 minutes. Take 1/3 cup 3 times a day.
Rape seed oil for the treatment of skin diseases: Canola seed oil contains linoleic acid, which helps hydrate and protect the skin. The oil can be applied to the skin before going to bed.
Infusion of rapeseed roots for the treatment of liver diseases: 2 teaspoons of crushed rapeseed roots pour 250 ml of boiling water and leave for 30-40 minutes. Take 1/3 cup 3 times a day.
Juice from rapeseed leaves to strengthen the immune system: rapeseed leaves contain a lot of vitamin C, which helps to strengthen the immune system. Juice can be prepared with a juicer and taken 1/3 cup 2-3 times a day.

Cosmetology:

Body scrub based on rapeseed: Mix 1 tablespoon finely ground rapeseed with 1 tablespoon honey and 1 tablespoon olive oil. Apply to damp body skin and massage, then rinse with warm water. This scrub will help remove dead skin cells and improve skin texture.
Face mask based on rapeseed oil: mix 1 tablespoon of rapeseed oil with 1 tablespoon of honey and 1 tablespoon of aloe vera juice. Apply to face and leave for 15-20 minutes, then rinse with warm water. This mask will help moisturize and soothe the skin.
Hand cream based on rapeseed oil: Mix 1/2 cup canola oil with 1/4 cup beeswax and 1 teaspoon honey. Heat in a water bath until the beeswax is completely melted, then remove from heat and cool to room temperature. Apply to hands as needed to hydrate and protect.

Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!

Colza (colza), Brassica napus. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing

cultivated and wild plants. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application

Canola, also known as peg, is an annual plant that is used to produce oil, biodiesel, animal feed, and other products.

Tips for growing, harvesting and storing rapeseed:

Cultivation:

Site Selection: Canola can grow in many types of soil, but prefers fertile soils with good drainage and adequate moisture.
Soil preparation: Before sowing rapeseed, the soil must be worked, weeds removed and fertilizer added to provide the plants with nutrients.
Sowing: Rapeseed should be sown in early spring or late summer. Seeds should be buried to a depth of about 1-2 cm, with a distance of about 20-30 cm between plants.
Plant care: Rape needs regular watering, especially during periods of dryness, as well as weed removal and soil loosening.

Workpiece:

Harvesting: Harvesting of rapeseed begins when the seeds are fully ripe and the fruit pods begin to turn yellow.
Seed separation: Rapeseed must be separated from the fruit pods, using special equipment or manually.
Drying: Rape seeds should be dried in the sun or in a drying chamber until their moisture content reaches 7-9%.

Storage:

Storage in a dry place: Dry rapeseed should be stored in a dry and cool place, protected from moisture and insects.
Storage duration: Rapeseed can be stored for a year, but the best quality is kept for 6 months.

Rapeseed is an important and useful cultivated plant that is used in various industries.

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