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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Blackberry gray. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Gray blackberry, Rubus caesius. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Rubus Family: Pink (Rosaceae) Origin: Europe and Asia Area: Blackberry gray grows in central Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. It is also found in Siberia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Turkmenistan and Mongolia. Chemical composition: Blackberry blueberry contains organic acids (citric, malic, tartaric), sugars, pectin, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, flavonoids and other useful substances. Economic value: The gray blackberry is used as a medicinal plant and for the production of food products such as preserves, syrups, jams, marmalades and compotes. Also used as an ornamental plant. Legends, myths, symbolism: The blackberry can be used as a symbol of life, birth and fertility as it produces delicious and nutritious berries. In some cultures, it is associated with summer and sunshine, as it grows and bears fruit during the warmer months. It can also be used as a symbol of perseverance and survival, as it grows in wild and inhospitable places and can survive in a variety of environments. In some cultures, the blackberry may be used as a symbol of modesty and simplicity, as it is not a luxurious or exotic plant, but produces simple and nutritious berries. The blackberry can also be used as a symbol of love and affection, as it is often associated with childhood and family memories, when its berries were picked in the forest or in the country with loved ones. In general, the gray blackberry can be used as a symbol of life, birth, fertility, perseverance, survival, modesty, simplicity, love, and affection.
Gray blackberry, Rubus caesius. Description, illustrations of the plant Blackberry. Legends, myths, history
Blackberries are mentioned in ancient Christian legends that have come down to us. They say that an angel appeared before Moses in the form of a "flaming" bush. According to some reports, it was a blackberry bush. Also among Christians, the "bush that burns with fire and does not burn" symbolizes the purity of the Virgin Mary, who gave birth to "the flame of divine love, without being burned by lust." Another Christian legend says that the blackberry sheltered Christ when the Jews were chasing him. As a token of gratitude, Christ rewarded this plant with an amazing ability to reproduce with the upper parts of the branches. Since then, as soon as a branch of a blackberry bush touches the ground, it takes root in the same hour. Blackberry leaves turn a fiery red in autumn. Like the flames of a fire, they shine through the first snow. According to ancient Greek myth, blackberries are drops of the blood of the titans, which they shed on the ground in a battle with the gods. Author: Martyanova L.M.
Blackberry, Rubus caesius L. Botanical description, history of origin, nutritional value, cultivation, use in cooking, medicine, industry
A small shrub 50-75 cm high. The stem is erect, with hard thorns. The leaves are compound, trifoliate, whitish below. The flowers are large, white, collected in a brush or panicle. The fruit is a complex drupe, black with a bluish wax coating. Blooms from June to late autumn. The blackberry was known to the ancient Romans and Greeks. Theophrastus was the first to describe the plant, noting its medicinal properties. Blackberry grows in forests, among shrubs, near rivers, lakes, in ravines, in places it forms impenetrable thickets. There are over 200 types of blackberries. Blackberries were first cultivated in the XNUMXth century in North America. Blackberry cultivars originated from three European and nine American species. The blackberry differs in unpretentiousness, high productivity. Grow it in the same way as raspberries. Plants are usually placed along the fence on trellises. The soil is prepared in advance: fertilizers are applied for plowing. Planting care consists of weeding, loosening the soil and watering, especially in the first year of cultivation. The blackberry is not resistant to frost (it freezes at -17 ° C), so in the fall the shoots are bent to the ground and dug in. The plant begins to bear fruit in the second year of life; yields annually. Fruit picking is complicated by the abundance of prickly thorns. Some forms are very productive; berries so "sprinkle" the stems that the leaves are not visible. Blackberry is a light, tender berry. At 0 ° C, it lasts no more than a week. Blackberries contain sugar, a significant amount of fiber, pectin, tannins and dyes; there are aromatic and phenolic compounds that have a capillary-strengthening effect on the body. Fruits are valuable for the content of vitamins of groups B, C, K, E, PP. The sour taste is due to the presence of malic and citric acids. Blackberries are characterized by a huge variety of minerals. Blackberries have long been used by the people as a diaphoretic, diuretic and antihelminthic. It was believed that it has a blood-purifying, tonic and calming effect. And now its medicinal properties are not forgotten. A decoction of the leaves of the plant is used for stomach bleeding and diarrhea; they are used to gargle with sore throat, as an expectorant for coughs, anti-inflammatory for stomatitis and gum disease. Crushed leaves treat lichen, eczema, old festering wounds. Sweet and sour and juicy blackberries are edible; they quench thirst well. Although blackberries are less fragrant than raspberries and inferior in taste, they are nevertheless harvested in large quantities. It is part of the dietary dishes for children; jelly, juice, syrup, compote, jam, jam, marmalade, marshmallow are prepared from fruits. Dried blackberries are very useful. Tea is made from dried fruits and leaves. Instead of tea, fermented blackberry leaves are also used, aged in a sealed container until black, and then air-dried. Authors: Kretsu L.G., Domashenko L.G., Sokolov M.D.
Blackberry gray. Description of the plant, area, cultivation, application
It grows everywhere, especially in the southern regions, along the banks of rivers and swamps, on forest edges, bred in gardens, household plots. Perennial shrub with arcuate curved shoots up to 1,5 m long, which are covered with thorns, covered with a bluish bloom. In the first year, the stems grow, become strong, woody, in the second year flowers appear on them, fruits ripen, new stems grow, creeping along the ground, some of them take root. Old stems then die off. The leaves are green above, lighter below, pubescent, covered with spines. Blooms all summer, starting in May. The flowers are white, large, up to 2 cm in diameter, collected in small corymbose brushes located at the ends of the branches. The fruits are complex multi-seeded, adhere tightly to the receptacle and tear off with it, black, red, yellow with a bluish bloom, juicy, fleshy, sweet or sweet and sour, fragrant. They do not ripen at the same time, so they are harvested several times during the summer. Blackberry fruits contain sugars, organic acids, pectins, tannins, aromatic, nitrogenous, coloring substances, flavonoids, salts of potassium, manganese, copper, vitamins A, groups B, C, E, carotenoids. Fatty oil was found in the seeds, tannins, tannins in the roots, flavones, organic acids, tannins in the leaves. Excellent honey plant. For economic purposes, a purple dye is obtained from dried blackberries, planted to fix beams, slopes, ravines, and used for breeding winter-hardy raspberry varieties. Berries and blackberry leaves are used in food. From berries they cook jam, jam, compote, marshmallow, make fillings in pies, salads. A substitute for tea is prepared from the leaves. Blackberry salad. Cut blackberries in half, chop apples on a grater, peel gooseberries or grapes, remove stalks from currants, cut plums into 4 parts. Put everything in layers in a salad bowl and season with sour cream sauce with sugar or berry juice. 400 g blackberries, 200 g plums, 200 g red currants, 150 g gooseberries or grapes, 150 g apples, 400 g sour cream sauce or berry syrup. Blackberry compote. Arrange the berries in sterilized jars, pour hot sugar syrup, cover with lids, and sterilize: half-liter - 15, liter - 20 minutes. Seal banks. 1 kg of blackberries, 300-400 g of sugar, 1 liter of water. Blackberry kissel. Rub the berries through a sieve, add them to a boiling sweet starch solution, stir well, bring to a boil. 200 g of berries, sugar and starch to taste, 500 ml of water. Blackberry jelly. Heat the berries to a temperature of 90 ° C, mash, squeeze out the juice, add lemon juice, dissolved gelatin, sugar and cook over low heat until the jelly is thick. 1 kg of berries, 500 g of sugar, juice of 112 lemons, 60 g of gelatin. Blackberry marmalade. Heat the berries, mash, squeeze the juice and boil over low heat until half of the original volume is evaporated, add sugar and cook until the desired consistency. Marmalade cut into pieces and dry on parchment paper. 1 kg of berries, 350 g of sugar. Blackberry pastille. Steam the berries well in the oven, rub through a sieve, mix with sugar and cook over low heat until the jelly is thick. Pour the mass into molds, bake in the oven, then cool, sprinkle with sugar or powdered sugar. 1 kg of blackberries, 500 g of sugar. Blackberry jam. 1. Sort the fruits, remove the stalks, pour sugar syrup for 4-6 hours. Then drain the syrup, bring to a boil, cool, put berries in it and cook over low heat until tender. 1 kg of blackberries, 1 kg of sugar, 300 ml of water. 2. Sort the blackberries, rinse lightly with cold water, cover with sugar and put in a cool place for 10-12 hours. Then cook over high heat for 20 minutes, arrange in hot jars and soak them in hot water for 2 hours. 1 kg of blackberries, 1 kg of sugar. Blackberry syrup. Sort ripe blackberries, squeeze out the juice, add water, sugar, boil for 5-10 minutes, pour into glass jars and cork. Store in a cold place. 1 kg blackberries, 500 g sugar, 200 ml water. Blackberry drink with yolk. Beat the yolks, add blackberry syrup, orange or tangerine juice, chilled boiled water, food ice, mix well and strain into glasses or cups. Consume immediately after preparation. 250 ml blackberry syrup, 100 ml orange or tangerine juice, 4 egg yolks, 400 ml water, food ice. Blackberry cocktail. Blackberry juice, yolks, chilled boiled milk and honey, beat in a mixer, add ice cubes. 200 ml blackberry syrup, 400 ml milk, 3 egg yolks, 1 tablespoon honey, food ice.
In folk medicine, berries, leaves, blackberry roots are used. Ripe berries quench thirst, have an antipyretic, diaphoretic, tonic, and calming effect. Unripe - enhance the functions of the stomach, intestines. The leaves have an antiseptic, astringent, hemostatic, diaphoretic, wound-healing effect, the roots - astringent, hemostatic, and the juice from the roots - a diuretic effect. Infusion of blackberry leaves. Infuse 20 g of leaves in 400 ml of boiling water for 4 hours, then strain. Drink 100 ml 4 times a day 30 minutes before meals with diarrhea, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer, edema, hypertension, atherosclerosis. Infusion of blackberry leaves and flowers. Infuse 10 g of leaves and flowers in 500 ml of boiling water for 4 hours. Drink 100 ml before meals for gastritis, diarrhea. Collection tincture. 10 g of blackberry leaves, 15 g of St. John's wort, 10 g of white acacia flowers insist in 400 ml of boiling water for 4 hours, then strain. Drink 50 ml hot 3 times a day 15 minutes before meals for anemia, general weakness, poor appetite. Decoction of leaves and flowers of blackberry. Boil 10 g of leaves and flowers in 200 ml of water for 15 minutes, leave for 2 hours, then strain. Drink 1 tablespoon 4 times a day for diarrhea. A decoction of blackberry roots. Boil 100 g of roots in 500 ml of water until the initial volume is reduced by half, then strain. Take 1-2 tablespoons 3-4 times a day for diseases of the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas. Fresh blackberries are for gastritis, colitis, diarrhea, colds. Contraindications have not been established. Leaves, roots, blackberries are harvested. The leaves are collected during flowering, young shoots with leaves - in the spring, dried in the shade, in a well-ventilated area. The roots are dug up in spring or autumn, dried in dryers. Berries are harvested as they ripen, dried first in the sun, then in dryers, ovens, ovens, starting at a temperature of 70-75 ° C and ending at 45-50 ° C. Store in a dry, ventilated area. Shelf life of berries - 1 year, roots - 3 years. Authors: Alekseychik N.I., Vasanko V.A.
Gray blackberry, Rubus caesius L. Description, habitats, nutritional value, use in cooking
Blackberry is a semi-shrub from the Rosaceae family. Stems and shoots are curved, branched, often lying on the ground or raised at an angle. The length of the stem is 60-150 cm. The shoots are covered with a bluish bloom along the entire length. Spikes on the shoots are thin, straight, of different lengths. The leaves are trifoliate on pubescent prickly petioles, green above, whitish below. The flowers are white, large, collected at the end of the stem. The fruits in appearance resemble raspberries, but are larger and black in color, covered with a bluish bloom, and consist of a small number of drupes. On one shoot there can be up to 100 berries, and up to 1,3 kg can be collected from the whole plant. Blackberries are juicy, sour in taste. It grows in wet meadows, among shrubs, along the banks of rivers and streams, in water meadows. Leaves, roots and fruits of blackberries are used as medicinal agents. Blackberry is considered a good honey plant, it gives a lot of pollen and nectar. In terms of chemical composition, gray blackberry is not inferior to many wild berries. Its fruits contain up to 0,3 mg% provitamin A (carotene), 0,033 mg% vitamin B1, 5 mg% vitamin C, vitamin E, glucose, fructose and sucrose (5,9 %), up to 0,56% pectin, up to 2,3% organic acids (malic, tartaric, citric, salicylic), up to 300 mg% vitamin P, 1,6 mg% vitamin PP, up to 0,4 mg% vitamin K. Of the mineral substances, potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium should be isolated. Blackberries are used as food. They are used to prepare jams, jellies, preserves, fillings for pies and cakes, wines, liquors and tinctures. Berries are also used as a dye for tinting various dishes and drinks. For the preparation of dietary and medicinal drinks, the berries are poured with boiling water and insisted along with the stalks. Author: Koshcheev A.K.
Gray blackberry, Rubus caesius. Botanical description of the plant, area, methods of application, cultivation
The Latin name of the genus Rubus comes from "ruber" (red) and is associated with the color of raspberries. The Russian name "blackberry" comes from the characteristic property of its shoots - thorns (hedgehogs). This type of blackberry is called gray because of the bluish bloom on ripe fruits. Biennial shrub, reaching 50-150 cm in height. One-year-old shoots are cylindrical, with yellow-green smooth or pubescent branches and numerous small irregular thorns. The leaves are alternate, trifoliate, rarely with 5 opposite leaflets, with lanceolate stipules and spiked petioles 4-7 cm long, with serrated edges, pubescent on both sides, painted in light green tones. The flowers are comparatively large, with pubescent green calyxes and white, broadly ellipsoid petals. Ties are naked. The stamens are nearly as long as the pistil. In the process of ripening, blackberry fruits change color - at first they are green, then they begin to turn red and become red-brown and, finally, black, and when overripe - black-violet. Ripe blackberry fruits are covered with a bluish bloom (therefore it is called gray, as well as turquoise), with large flattened bones. Fruit juice is dark red, sour in taste, slightly resinous. The fruits ripen in mid-summer, remain on the bush until the end of August. Distributed in temperate and warm countries of Europe to Scandinavia and the western part of the Arkhangelsk region inclusive, as well as in Asia and North America. In the Caucasus and in some regions of the Middle East it grows unusually, together with other shrubs forming impenetrable thickets. It grows in forests, in ravines, along the banks of rivers and streams. Blackberries have a rich chemical composition, they contain vitamins of groups C, K, PP, A, B, a sufficient amount of fructose, glucose, malic, citric, tartaric organic acids. The berries contain a large amount of manganese, magnesium, chromium, phosphorus, minerals. Fresh blackberries in their composition have per 100 g of product: water 88,15 g, proteins 1,39 g, fats 0,49 g, carbohydrates 9,61 g, sugars 4,88 g, dietary fiber 5.3 g, in -carotene 128 mcg, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 21 mg, tocopherol (vitamin E) 1,17 mg, vitamin K 20 mcg, calcium 29 mg, iron 0,62 mg, magnesium 20 mg, potassium 162 mg, sodium 1 mg , zinc 0,53 mg. The energy value of 100 g of berries is 43 kcal (180 kJ). Blackberry is a useful food plant. The fruits of the blackberry are juicy, but they have a lower taste than other types of blackberries. Berries are consumed fresh, they can be frozen, make jam, make syrup, compote, etc. Blackberries strengthen the immune system, enrich the body with various vitamin and mineral complexes. Blackberries are advised to use to treat colds, reduce high fever. Blackberry is the best prophylactic against diseases of the heart and blood vessels, it cleanses the circulatory system, resumes metabolic processes in the body. Berries also help to remove toxic substances, toxins, heavy metals, radionuclides from the body. Blackberry is a sufficient productive food crop, brings a large harvest, can adapt to different weather conditions, but gardeners do not like it because of its thorns. Industrial cultivation is common in North America. Blackberry is a good natural honey plant, its honey productivity is about 20 kg per hectare of blackberry thickets. Blackberry honey is light, sometimes with a yellowish tint, transparent with a pleasant aroma. Blackberries are also used for decorative purposes, decorating arbors and arches with it. In spring and summer, the shrub has bright green leaves, in autumn they turn yellow, at the same time, blackberries please with a large number of fruits that are collected in clusters and can have different shades. Blackberry is a stable natural dye. The juice of the berries turns wool and cotton purple. Overripe berries can cause a laxative effect, while unripe berries lead to constipation. It is forbidden to use blackberries for people suffering from allergic reactions. Blackberries are also contraindicated in renal diseases, if the acidity of gastric juice is increased. During pregnancy and lactation, blackberries should be consumed in small amounts so as not to cause an allergic reaction in the fetus. Hybrids with raspberries and blackberries are widespread in industrial cultivation. In Europe, blackberries are not cultivated on an industrial scale, some countries even consider them an annoying weed. But North America appreciates blackberries and grows various varieties. After selection, they got a shrub that does not have thorns, has a height of up to one meter and brings a large crop. Mexico is the world leader in commercial blackberry cultivation, with almost the entire crop exported to the US and Europe. Blackberries are bred by seeds (sown in autumn), cuttings, root offspring (not abundant) and layering, mainly on clay-lime deep soil, not rich in humus, in a sunny, sheltered place; care measures - thinning and trimming of lashes, as well as timely garter.
Gray blackberry, Rubus caesius. reference Information
Widespread subshrub of the rose family. The fruit is a black drupe with a bluish bloom. Blooms from June to autumn. The fruits begin to ripen in August. They contain up to 6,0% sugars (mainly glucose and fructose), 0,8-2% organic acids (malic, tartaric, citric, salicylic), 0,4-1,8% pectin, tannins, up to 300 mg % flavonoids, vitamins C, B1, B2, E, PP, carotenoids, minerals (salts of sodium, potassium, calcium, manganese, phosphorus, iron, copper), anthocyanins. Leaves and shoots contain up to 10% tannins, flavonoids; seeds - up to 12% fatty oil. Blackberries have been harvested from wild forests since ancient times. Dioscorides also used lotions from crushed fresh leaves of the plant and their decoction to treat skin lesions - lichen, eczema, ulcers and purulent wounds. Blackberry cultivation in America and Western Europe was undertaken in the XNUMXth century. Blackberries are eaten fresh and dried, they are used for the preparation of tinctures, non-alcoholic wines, and confectionery. From the leaves, you can prepare a tea substitute with a pleasant smell. They are usually harvested during the flowering period, fruits - as they ripen. Fruits and juice quench thirst well. This is an antipyretic. In folk medicine, a decoction of the leaves was used as a diaphoretic, and the roots - a diuretic. A decoction or infusion of leaves and young twigs was used for rinsing the mouth with tonsillitis, gingivitis and stomatitis, for lotions for eczema and baths for skin diseases. The infusion was also used internally as an antitussive and diaphoretic (when warm with honey), as well as for gastritis and cholecystitis, nervous disorders, heavy menstruation, shortness of breath, and influenza. Crushed leaves in the form of poultices were applied to lichen and trophic ulcers on the legs. Blackberry leaves for psoriasis recommended to apply Avicenna to the affected areas of the skin.
In the past, a pleasant tea was prepared from the leaves of the plant. They were placed in a saucepan and tightly covered with a lid, left in this form until they withered and blackened (2-3 days), and then quickly dried in the air. Such tea was distinguished by good qualities, a pleasant aroma of roses. Berries and tea from blackberries are a mild laxative, and unripe ones are fixing. In folk medicine, fresh berries and tea from them were used as a sedative and tonic, useful during menopause. It was advised to use berries for inflammatory processes in the joints, especially those caused by metabolic disorders, for cystitis, pyelitis, for colds and coughs, and externally for wound healing. For the treatment of diabetes mellitus, a mixture was used, which, along with blackberry fruits, included valerian root and horsetail. Berries were also used to prepare refreshing drinks that quench thirst in febrile patients. Authors: Dudnichenko L.G., Krivenko V.V.
Blackberry gray. Application in cooking
Blackberry gray in the lowlands and bottoms of forest beams often forms impenetrable thickets. It blooms all summer, on one plant there can be flowers, green and ripe fruits at the same time. The fruits are bluish-black, sour or sweet-sour, fragrant. Only ripe fruits are harvested for jams, liqueurs, juices and extracts, jelly, compotes, candied fruits, jams, etc. When cooking, the fruits are pre-blanched in warmed sugar syrup. Jam is boiled for 25-30 minutes. The fruits are dried in the open air, wind and sun, dried in ovens or ovens at a temperature of 55-60 ° C. When cooking compotes, sugar is taken 30-40% of the weight of the fruit. Author: Reva M.L.
Blackberry. The value of the plant, the procurement of raw materials, the use in traditional medicine and cooking
Rubus allegheniensis On the slope of summer, in the midst of reaping, the self-collected berry tablecloth is generous and multicolored. Garden shrubs treat gooseberries of a wide variety of colors and sizes; currant - red, white and black; strawberries of continuous fruiting and, of course, raspberries. Even more magnificent is the set of forest gifts. Lingonberries, blueberries, bird cherry, stone berries, goof, barberry ... in this series one cannot fail to name an excellent delicacy - a blue-gray blackberry. The brambles are studded with thorns that make the thicket impenetrable. But be careful, attentive - and you will be rewarded with fragrant, juicy, exceptionally tasty berries. Outwardly, a blackberry is similar to a raspberry, only much larger and darker in color. At first, it seems generally black, but, as you know, there is no black color in the living plant world. Black flowers (say, in gladioli) or black blackberries are nothing more than purple, only the saturation of this color is intense, thick. Blackberries are scattered: there are more berries on the branches than leaves. Each berry is a complex drupe, consisting of fairly large drupes. Blackberries are picked when the dimples in the center of each fruit are aligned. A ripe berry acquires a bluish bloom. It tastes sweet and sour, has a fragrant smell. They walk on blackberries in the morning, during sunny hours, collect them in boxes, small baskets, birch bark. This berry is tender, completely unleashed, and it is eaten immediately fresh or allowed for processing. Only in a chilled state at a temperature of 0 ° plucked blackberries are stored for a week, but under ordinary conditions they quickly become sour. Where is this berry most hidden? On damp edges and clearings, on cheerful sunny glades, along the banks of rivers and streams, in thickets of bushes. But there are a lot of blackberries on decayed beams, on the gentle slopes of ravines. The most common blackberry is gray, very frost-resistant and unpretentious. Her rhizome lives for many years, and the above-ground shoots - only two years: having fruited in the second year, they die off. New shoots will grow to replace them, just as prickly and generous. There are many wild blackberries. In the Caucasus, Caucasian blackberry grows, in the Crimea, Transcaucasia and Central Asia - bloody blackberry, which has large, extremely tasty fruits. Blackberries contain a wide range of nutrients and healing substances, including sugars, organic acids, and in particular malic acid, vitamins, potassium salts and trace elements. Black fruits are also valuable because they accumulate pectin, tannins and aromatic substances. From time immemorial, infusions on dried blackberries have been used as a diaphoretic and diuretic. But it turns out that not only berries, but also leaves have a healing effect on this plant. A decoction of the leaves is used for gastric hemorrhages and diarrhea. An inflammatory bowel condition is treated with a decoction of blackberry leaves mixed with marigold flowers (2:1 ratio). Traditional medicine successfully treated with crushed leaves, or lotions, skin diseases - lichen, eczema and chronic festering wounds. The bactericidal properties of blackberries are associated with the presence of active phytoncides. What can be prepared from blackberries? Blackberry juice. To make juice, the berries are sorted out, poured into a clay pot, which is then immersed in a pot of water. The pot is kept on fire for several hours. The juice formed in the pot is poured into a special bowl and boiled with sugar. When cooked, remove the foam. Thick juice is cooled, poured into bottles, corked and stored in a cellar or basement. To prepare blackberry compote, the berries are also sorted out, discarding immature ones, cleaned of litter, laid out in jars, poured with warm syrup. After a short sterilization (15-20 minutes), the jars are twisted and turned over onto the lid. One third of granulated sugar is required per kilogram of berries. The original sweetness is blackberry marmalade. It's easy to prepare. Ripe berries after sorting and cleaning are ground through a sieve. The juice obtained in this way is evaporated in a saucepan by half, and after flavoring it with sugar, it is boiled for half an hour, after which it is placed in jars. A kilogram of blackberries requires 350 g of sugar. Blackberry marshmallow is prepared as follows: ripe clean berries are placed in a closed pan, which is then placed in the oven or oven until the contents are completely steamed. The steamed berries are ground through a sieve, mixed with crushed sugar (half a glass of sugar per glass of mashed potatoes), after which the mixture is boiled down to a jelly density, laid out in molds and baked. The chilled marshmallow is sprinkled with sugar, stored in a cool place. For blackberry jelly, the berries are selected, cleaned and, after rinsing in water, rubbed through a sieve. Then, according to the recipe, "water is poured into the pan, sugar is added, boiled, brewed with potato flour, previously diluted in a small amount of water, brought to a boil, put the prepared puree and stir well." Kissel is eaten chilled. A cup of blackberries requires three-quarters of a cup of sugar, 2 tablespoons of cornstarch, and 2 cups of water. Not bad and dry blackberries for future use. Dry it, like blueberries, in the sun for 2-3 days. If the berries are dried in an oven, then the initial temperature should not exceed 75 °, then 50-45 °. Tea with ripe blackberries has a laxative effect, and with unripe blackberries - fixing. Dried for the winter for brewing and blackberry leaf. First, it is tightly twisted on a board and put in a bowl to wither and turn black. After fermentation (fermentation), the leaf is taken out, laid out on baking sheets and dried in the shade. Such brewing differs little from tea brewing both in color and in the taste of the drink. Blackberry is a promising berry plant. And breeders in many countries are working to create its productive varieties. In the United States, for example, at least 30 blackberry varieties have already been introduced into cultivation. Unlike wild species, these varieties can bear fruit earlier, and the fruiting period stretches for a long time. Berries - large and dense, are stored tolerably even in a fresh state. Particularly successful varieties Boysen and Young, bred in the states of Oklahoma, Arkansas and Tennessee. In total, 16 thousand hectares of plantations are allocated for blackberries in the United States, from which at least 34 thousand tons of berries are harvested annually. But there was a time when cultivated varieties hardly made their way to the fields. It seemed to people that there were quite enough wild blackberries all around, but do not be lazy to walk through thickets and forests. But those of the farmers who acquired varietal blackberries did not regret it - an attractive and tasty product began to be in strong demand. The costs of growing and picking berries are more than paid off by the proceeds.
Both creeping and erect forms are cultivated here. Creeping blackberries spread their shoots on the ground or intertwine supports. Its characteristic feature is the ability to take root by the tops, while the erect ones reproduce by offspring. The creeping blackberry ripens earlier, its berry brushes are small and loose. This form was initially tamed by the Americans. The pioneer of hybrids, the Evgrin variety, was "designed" on the basis of the European blackberry ecotype. Subsequently, breeders began to use local wild forms, resulting in varieties that supply the table with delicious berries. Young and Boysen became the leading blackberry hybrids for a long time. Their parental forms were introduced from the Pacific coast. The Yang variety is early ripe, prolific, produces large, dark cherry-colored berries with high sugar content, but odorless. Freshly frozen berries do not lose their useful qualities for a long time. Part of the collection goes to making jam. The variety was bred in 1905, but was mastered in production only two decades later. The Boysen variety is also creeping, but its bushes are more powerful than those of Young, and the berries ripen a little later. Each fruit with a small chicken egg. The color of the fruit is black, the texture is soft, but sweet and fragrant. On top of the berries, as it were, sprinkled with pollen (Yang's fruits are shiny). Boysen's fruit is thick but less sweet than Young's. This variety is popular in California, where it produces particularly large yields. Mastered by farmers in 1935 and since then has competed with the most outstanding hybrids. Interestingly, thornless blackberry hybrids have also been obtained in America. Some see them as chimeras. True, these chimeras still have thorns, only not outside the shoots and roots, but inside their tissues. In order for thornlessness to be passed on to offspring, blackberries are propagated by rooting the tops. Rooted offspring give thorny bushes. It is worth cutting the rhizome or simply damaging it, and it will sprout spiny shoots. Both wild and cultivated blackberries can be affected by pests and diseases. Most often, the berry suffers from orange rust. Diseased plants develop small, twisted leaves, with swellings on the underside. Such bushes do not recover the next year, so it is necessary, without waiting for fruiting, to remove them from the thickets along with the roots. Among blackberry pests, the blackberry mite is more dangerous than others. It is so small that you can hardly see it without a magnifying glass. Where the tick is wound up, there the fruits lose their natural color, acquiring an unusual redness, and also harden. The fruit can be affected in whole or in part, up to one small stone: the whole berry is black, but one part of it is reddish. Affected fruits, of course, are discarded and processed separately. When picking fruits, do not leave them in the sun, otherwise they will acquire a bitter aftertaste and turn noticeably red. Timely and correctly picked blackberries will delight at the table both fresh and in dishes. Author: Strizhev A.N.
Blackberry. Features of planting and growing
Blackberry is a woodland berry bush, its berries are similar to a mixture of raspberries and mulberries. It would be most familiar to meet him in the forest, but not so long ago the blackberry was domesticated, many varieties adapted to certain climatic conditions have already been bred. Existing blackberry cultivars can be divided into two groups - with upright and creeping shoots. The first is called kumanika. It is propagated by root offspring. The second - dewdrop, multiplies by rooting apical buds. Creeping blackberries ripen earlier than straight-growing ones. Berries of medium size, round, sometimes elongated, black, shiny. The drupes are large, firmly attached to the fruit. Berries in the non-chernozem zone ripen from the second half of August to the middle of September. By color, blackberries can be yellow, red, purple and black. They differ in shape, size and taste. Creeping blackberries produce larger and tastier berries than erect blackberries. Blackberries do not always have a dark color: there are both red-fruited and yellow-fruited varieties. Unlike raspberries, blackberries are torn off along with the receptacle, so they do not crumple during harvesting and are stored for a long time at zero temperature. The leaves and shoots contain tannins, the seeds contain a fatty oil used in cosmetics. Outwardly, the plant itself resembles a raspberry. But it is easy to distinguish them - by their fruits: in blackberries, when they ripen, they become black in color and are covered on the outside with a bluish wax coating. Blackberry fruits are a wonderful delicacy, especially since they have a number of medicinal properties. Gardeners planning to grow blackberries for the sake of obtaining large medicinal fruits choose productive thornless varieties and hybrids for planting, because picking berries from non-thorny shoots is easy and pleasant. For plant lovers whose gardens are located in regions with severe winters, the actual quality of blackberry seedlings is frost resistance, so that its bushes successfully endure winters without additional shelter. Therefore, modern winter-hardy blackberry varieties and hybrids are in great demand by gardeners, which consistently produce high yields of large berries with a pleasant taste. It is also desirable that the harvested fruits tolerate transportation well and be stored for a long time. Blackberry shoots have a two-year development cycle: in the first year they grow, lay buds, in the second year they bear fruit and die. Blackberries bloom late - in June, which means, as already noted, that the flowers are not damaged by spring frosts and the berries ripen annually and abundantly. Blackberries bear fruit soon, in the second year, and regularly. It is unpretentious - grows on a variety of soils. He does not like only carbonate (they are affected by chlorosis) and salinity. Responsive to feeding. Gives the highest yields on fertilized, well-drained loams. Does not tolerate waterlogging. Since blackberries are not frost-resistant enough, they should choose places protected from cold winds and well warmed by the sun. Landing time. It is wiser to plant blackberries in the spring. Under each bush, a landing pit is prepared with dimensions of 40 by 40 by 40 cm. Before planting, 5-6 kg (half a bucket) of well-rotted manure, 100-150 g of superphosphate, 40-50 g of potash fertilizers are added to it and thoroughly mixed with soil. It is better to cover the roots with natural soil (to avoid burns), and place the enriched soil in the pit on top. Seedlings of straight-growing blackberries are placed at a distance of 0-8 m from each other; distance between rows - 1, 1-8 m. When planting dewdrops, one must take into account what the size of an adult bush will be. Blackberry trellises should be at least 2 m high. With fan formation, the distance between plants should be at least 2-5 m. Separate placement of fruiting and growing stems facilitates plant care and harvesting. The easiest way to separate placement is to direct the fruiting shoots in one direction, and the new ones in the other. With the fan method of formation, the fruiting shoots are fanned one by one to the right and left, and the new ones are placed in the center. When forming with ropes, fruiting shoots are directed along the wire, and new ones are left in the center. When forming in waves, fruiting shoots are directed in waves along the lower rows, and young ones along the upper ones. Young shoots are tied up in the summer as they grow. Old fruiting stems that no longer produce berries are cut out near the ground and removed from the site. Blackberries are not frost-resistant enough, so you will have to take extra care of a safe wintering. Shelter. For the winter, bushes of non-hardy blackberries are laid on the ground. In order not to damage the plants, you can lay them together with the trellis - carefully pull out the supports and lower the entire planting flat. The bases of the bushes are covered with peat and leaves from above, later they are covered with snow. In the spring, the bushes must have time to open before a strong swelling of the buds and make a formative pruning. That is - to shorten too overgrown shoots on the growth of the current year (cut off from a third to half the length of the shoot), pinch the shoots growing in the undesirable direction. Care. Care for blackberry plants consists in watering, fertilizing, maintaining the soil in the rows in a loose state, destroying weeds and excess offspring. Especially the greatest need for moisture during the ripening of berries. Only planted blackberries should be watered as often as possible for 45 days. Old bushes also need frequent watering, especially during the drought period. Most of all, settled rainwater is suitable for irrigation. It is better to drain running water into a barrel or other vessel, let it stand for several days. Pruning is carried out every autumn or spring. First of all, dry and drying branches are cut off, and then branches that have already bear fruit are subject to mandatory pruning. Watering. To maintain soil moisture, especially in dry summers, it is necessary to irrigate blackberries during the growth of shoots and ovaries, otherwise you can lose the crop: the berries become small, dry and fall off before ripening. It is useful to carry out in October and winter watering blackberry plantings. Top dressing. In the future, once every 2-3 years, 4-6 kg of rotted manure or compost per 1 m2 are applied under blackberry plants, and in the years between the application of organic fertilizers, mineral fertilizers are applied, for example, 20-30 g of nitrophoska per 1 m2. Experts believe that it is very useful to feed blackberries in June with water infusions of mullein or chicken manure, diluted five times.
Pruning. A very important event that increases the yield next year is tweezing, or removing the top of the shoot. This procedure contributes to the awakening of the lateral buds, the formation of branching. This leads to an increase in the fruiting zone. Pinching is a must when growing upright blackberries. In the first year of the life of the shoots, when they reach a height of 90-120 cm, the first pruning of the top is carried out by 7-12 cm. After the growth of the side shoots, they are shortened to 40-50 cm. compact. In the second year after planting, new shoots of the current year, as they grow, are fixed on a trellis in the opposite direction from last year's fruiting stems. Thus, with this formation system, the bushes are immediately clearly divided into two halves, placed in different directions. In autumn, after harvesting, the fruiting stems are cut off at the base, and the next year new young shoots will take their place, which should be tied to the trellis in the same way. Reproduction. The most effective way to propagate blackberries is propagation by root cuttings: in early spring, pieces of roots 6-8 mm in diameter and 10-15 cm long are dug up and planted in a permanent place, horizontally placing them in the soil at a depth of 7-10 cm. Creeping blackberry, or dewberry, and raspberry-blackberry hybrids produce very few offspring or none at all. For propagation of these plants, rooting of the tops and green cuttings are used. The tops are rooted very simply: at the end of August, the ends of the shoots are bent to the ground, bending in an arc, placed in a hole 10 cm deep, bringing the tops 10 cm long to the surface, pinned to the ground with metal brackets, covered with fertile moist soil. Thornless blackberry varieties are becoming increasingly popular. Collection. They usually start picking fruits at the end of August, and this pleasant period stretches for almost a month. Ready for harvest are those fruits in which a small dimple in the center of each drupe is completely filled. It is not worth delaying the picking of berries, fully ripened fruits very quickly lose their commercial properties, being on the shoots. By the way, even after picking, blackberries are stored for a very short time - no more than a day and a half under normal conditions and no more than a week in the refrigerator. Blackberries can be consumed both fresh and processed. They are dried and dried, marmalade is made from them, compotes and kissels are boiled, juice is squeezed out and used as a filler for cakes and sweets. Unripe fruits are suitable for drying, dense and elastic to the touch. The berry collected in the forest must be torn and the stalk and excess leaves removed. Washing blackberries is not recommended, as it will give a lot of juice. They are laid out in a thin layer on a paper surface, placed in a ventilated dark room and left to dry for several days. In this case, the berries should be turned over regularly for uniform drying. Direct sunlight should not fall on blackberries, as this decomposes ascorbic acid and the healing properties disappear. Ripe black berries can be frozen. They are cleaned of excess leaves, dried from excess moisture on paper parchment and laid out in plastic containers so that it does not stick to each other. Blackberry leaves are harvested before the bush blooms (in early spring), because at this time they are most useful. They are used to prepare infusions and decoctions. Leaves are best collected in the early morning or late evening, when it is still not very hot. The cooler the weather, the better it will affect the quality of the harvested leaves. It is not recommended to cut off the leaves, it will be better to cut them with a knife or scissors. Collect for storage only healthy leaves of a rich green color. The leaves are wiped with a damp cloth or sponge, left to dry, and then laid out on paper or a linen towel and left in a sunny place for several days. During this time, the leaves will dry out completely, they can be quickly crushed and placed in a glass container or a fabric bag for storing herbs. The roots are dug up in autumn, after harvest. They need to be shaken off the ground, put in a dry, ventilated room, then cut into pieces 5 cm long and stored in canvas bags. Author: Zorina A.
Gray blackberry, Rubus caesius. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
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Gray blackberry, Rubus caesius. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Blackberry (Rubus caesius) is a perennial plant that is common in Europe and Asia. Its fruits are highly nutritious and can be used to make desserts, jams and other products. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing blueberry blackberries: Cultivation:
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Storage:
The gray blackberry is a useful plant that can be used in cooking and for the production of many products. By following simple tips for growing, harvesting and storing blackberries, you can get delicious and healthy products throughout the season. See also Article Blackberry. Features of planting and growing
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