Care of the injured and sick. oral care

FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRST AID
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Care of the injured and sick. oral care

Fundamentals of First Aid (OPMP)

The patient must daily brush your teeth and rinse your mouth after every meal. If he cannot do this on his own, then the caregiver, after washing his hands, wraps his finger with gauze dipped in warm soda solution (a teaspoon of baking soda in a glass of water) and wipes the patient's teeth and tongue.

If there is an accumulation of mucus and crusts in the patient's nose, it is necessary to clean the nose with a cotton swab on a match and lubricate the nasal passages with petroleum jelly.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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Replacement of experimental animals with organelles 16.04.2023

Organoid technology can reduce the need for animal testing in vaccine development by allowing large numbers of antigens to be screened at a lower cost.

B cell-producing organelles are perhaps the hottest topic today when it comes to screening vaccine candidates for rabbit fever, also known as tularemia. This exciting development is a step towards the long-awaited goal of replacing animals for vaccine testing before clinical trials.

Animal testing has been the subject of controversy over the years, with animal rights and environmental activists leading the fight against this controversial practice. But it seems that with the help of organoids, the need for animal testing may soon become a thing of the past.

Organelles are collections of cells that behave like real organs. They are grown in the laboratory and kept alive in conditions that mimic the body's natural environment. Although the use of organoids instead of transplants is still a long way off, we can already create hundreds of such organs from the spleen of a single animal.

A team led by Professor Matthew Delis of Cornell University and Dr. Ankur Singh of Georgia Institute of Technology made organelles from mouse spleens and tested them for a tularemia vaccine. They injected vaccine candidate molecules into organelles and did the same with live mice.

Tests showed that the reaction of B cells to molecules was the same in both organoids and in mice. This is a big step forward as it means we can test a large number of antigens in parallel and reduce costs. Keeping large numbers of mice under controlled conditions can be costly, so this method could be a game-changer for trials that require more human-like animals, such as monkeys.

The bacterium Francisella tularensis, which causes tularemia, eludes the immune system thanks to its polysaccharide coating. Vaccines developed only against this coating cause a weak reaction. To combat this, the authors used an approach in which part of the polysaccharide was attached to a carrier protein, such as tetanus or diphtheria toxin, which the immune system is more likely to recognize. By combining them in this way, B cells perceive the bacterium as a threat, but the combinations need to be tested to find a few worthy of further study.

As the technology of organoids improves, it may be possible to use them to replace the increasing amount of testing currently being done on animals. Not only is this a more moral approach, but also that organelles made from human cells could reduce the number of times vaccines work against other species but fail when used in humans.

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