Bites of poisonous animals. Health care

FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRST AID
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Bites of poisonous animals. Health care

Fundamentals of First Aid (OPMP)

poisonous animals - those in the body of which there are permanently or temporarily poisons that, when introduced into the human body, even in small doses, can cause painful disorders, and sometimes lead to death. All poisonous animals are conditionally divided into two groups: actively poisonous и passively poisonous animals.

Actively poisonous animals have special organs that produce poison. Poisonous invertebrate animals (hydras, sea anemones, jellyfish) have stinging cells, in the protoplasm of which there is a capsule filled with a poisonous liquid. Skin unicellular glands with piercing brittle hairs have some types of caterpillars ("burning" caterpillars, for example, golden tail caterpillar). Multicellular skin glands have arthropods (scorpions, stinging hymenoptera - bees, wasps, bumblebees) and vertebrates (some fish).

In arthropods, the venom glands are associated with the sting, and in fish, with the spines on the fins and gill covers.

In many animals, poisonous glands are associated with the oral part: from invertebrates - in centipedes (scolopendra), spiders, ticks, some Diptera, bugs, and from vertebrates - in snakes.

Of the poisonous snakes common in Russia, various types of vipers are especially dangerous, as well as a spectacled snake or cobra, and of rattlesnakes, the muzzle.

Bites of poisonous snakes (spectacled snake, cobra, viper, gyurza, etc.) are very life-threatening. After a bite, burning pain, redness, and bruising immediately appear. Edema develops rapidly and red stripes (lymphangitis) soon appear along the lymphatic vessels. At the same time, general symptoms of poisoning develop: dry mouth, thirst, vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, convulsions, speech and swallowing disorders, and sometimes motor paralysis (with a cobra bite). Death often occurs due to respiratory arrest.

The sequence of first aid measures for a snake bite:

1) move the victim away from the snake without exposing yourself to the danger of being bitten;

2) convince the victim to remain calm in order to slow down the absorption of the poison;

3) apply a cold compress or a clean, damp pressure bandage to the bite site;

4) drip 5-6 drops of vasoconstrictor drops into the nose and into the bite wound (galazolin, sanorin, naphthyzine, etc.);

5) to remove the poison from the wound, you can use a blood suction jar;

6) give 1-2 tablets of diphenhydramine or suprastin (tavegil, pipalfen);

7) provide the victim with plenty of fluids;

8) carefully monitor the victim until the doctor arrives (monitoring the presence of breathing, pulse, consciousness);

9) deliver the victim to a medical facility as soon as possible, since the bitten person must receive the appropriate antidote within 4 hours after the bite.

Attention! Not allowed:
apply a tourniquet, since the cessation of blood circulation in the limb can lead to tissue death;
make incisions and suck out the poison: this can severely damage the nerves and blood vessels, in addition, sucking the poison with your mouth can introduce dangerous bacteria into the wound.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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