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Instructions on labor protection for a machine operator of a wide profile, a turner, a milling machine operator, a grinder, a polisher, a gear cutter, a sharpener. Full Document

Occupational Safety and Health / Standard instructions for labor protection

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Safe Operation

1. General requirements for labor protection

1.1. The labor safety requirements set forth in this Standard Instruction apply to persons performing metal processing on metal-cutting machines (lathes, drilling and boring, milling, planing, slotting, broaching, gear-cutting, cutting, grinding), as well as combining other professions with the professions of a turner , milling machine, gear cutter, grinder, insulator, sharpener (wide profile machine operator).

1.2. Persons of the corresponding profession, who have been assigned a qualification category, who have been instructed and trained in labor safety, are allowed to perform the metal cutting process.

1.3. Instruction on labor safety and training in safe methods and methods of work are mandatory for all employees and newcomers to work, including those undergoing industrial practice.

1.4. Persons under eighteen years of age are not allowed to perform work in the following professions: a sharpener engaged in dry sharpening with abrasive wheels; polisher (for all types of work); a grinder engaged in dry work using abrasive wheels.

1.5. Persons entering the work associated with the processing of harmful metals and their alloys with the use of cutting fluids (coolants) are subject to a preliminary and periodic medical examination. Persons with a predisposition to skin diseases, suffering from eczema or other allergic diseases, as well as those who have contraindications provided for by the relevant lists of the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry, are not allowed to work with coolant.

1.6. When performing work, the machine operator may come into contact with dangerous and harmful production factors.

• A HAZARDOUS production factor is a factor whose impact on a worker, under certain conditions, can lead to injury or to a sudden deterioration in health;
• HARMFUL - to decrease in working capacity or to diseases. Hazardous and harmful production factors include: harmful chemicals, dust, noise, vibration, indoor microclimate, etc.

1.7. The machine operator must be aware of possible contact with harmful and dangerous production factors:

when working in the workshop - noise, vibration, harmful substances in the air of the working area, moving parts of production equipment, flying metal particles.

1.8. There are 3 classes of conditions and nature of work:

Grade 1 - optimal conditions.

The adverse impact on human health of dangerous and harmful production factors is excluded.

Grade 2 - acceptable conditions.

The level of hazardous and harmful production factors does not exceed the established hygienic standards. A slight change in health is possible, which is restored during regulated rest during the working day or by the beginning of the next shift.

Grade 3 - dangerous and harmful working conditions.

The level of hazardous and harmful production factors exceeds hygienic standards, which can lead to a persistent decrease in efficiency or health problems. Contact with dangerous and harmful production factors can lead to injuries or to the development of various occupational diseases with damage to the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous systems, liver, kidneys, etc.

1.9. When performing work, in accordance with the type of hazardous and harmful production factors, the employee is obliged to use personal protective equipment (overalls, safety shoes and safety devices: glasses, a respirator, headphones, etc.) with the obligatory observance of personal hygiene rules.

Workers with low vision must be provided with protective glasses with corrective glasses at the expense of the enterprise.

When using abundant cooling on machine tools with emulsions, oils, turpentine, kerosene, workers should be given free protective pastes recommended by medical institutions for lubricating hands.

1.10. Along with the requirements of this Instruction, the machine operator must comply with:

(01) the requirements set out in the tariff and qualification characteristics for the level of theoretical and practical knowledge of an employee of the relevant qualification;

(02) the technological process of the work performed;

(03) rules for the technical operation of equipment, fixtures, tools with which he works or which he serves;

(04) internal labor regulations.

1.11. When performing the assigned work, the machine operator should not leave his workplace without the permission of the master or take part in the production of work not assigned to him. During work it is not allowed to smoke and eat.

1.12. The mass of cargo when carried by hand on a flat surface should not exceed: for men - 20 kg, for women - 10 kg, for boys from 16 to 18 years old - 16 kg. In other cases, the cargo must be moved using mechanisms and devices.

Work on the installation of parts, fixtures, tools weighing more than 20 kg on machines, presses, transport devices must be mechanized.

1.13. All noticed malfunctions of machines, equipment and devices must be immediately reported to the master.

1.14. When staying on the territory of the enterprise (ship repair plant), it is prohibited:

(01) walk on the carriageway and railroad tracks;

(02) to cross railway tracks near a moving train;

(03) crawl under the wagons and through the automatic coupler of a standing train;

(04) to pass through the area of ​​work of cranes during the production of cargo work.

1.15. All employees must know the Rules for the provision of first aid in case of accidents (Appendix) and be able to provide it.

1.16. In case of accidents, it is necessary to provide first aid to the victim, call a doctor and report the incident to the foreman or head of the workshop (section), if possible, preserving the situation at the scene for investigation.

1.17. The requirements of the Instruction on labor protection are mandatory for the employee. Failure to comply with these requirements is considered as a violation of labor discipline.

2. Labor protection requirements before starting work

2.1. When performing dangerous and rarely performed work, the machine operator must receive targeted safety training from the foreman.

2.2. Before starting work, it is necessary to put work clothes in order, remove hair under a headgear, prepare the necessary tools, a chip removal hook, safety devices (goggles, headphones, a respirator), inspect machine equipment, lifting equipment and tools, determine their serviceability and readiness for use.

2.3. The workplace must be clean and sufficiently lit, aisles, places near the machine equipment are free from tools, parts and consumables. Equipment, blanks, finished parts and production waste should be on special racks, tables, in containers.

To work while sitting, the workplace must have a chair (seat) with adjustable height and backrest. Near the machine on the floor, there must be serviceable wooden gratings (flooring) for the entire length of the working area and a width of at least 0,6 m. .

2.4. Machine tools and workbenches must be equipped with low-voltage lighting. When using fluorescent lighting on machines, protection of the operating personnel from the stroboscopic effect that appears on the moving parts of the machine must be ensured.

2.5. Before starting the machine, it is necessary to check the presence and serviceability of:

(01) fencing of gear wheels, drive belts, rollers, drives, etc., as well as current-carrying parts of equipment (starters, knife switches, etc.). Folding, sliding and removable fences must be kept from spontaneous movement;

(02) grounding devices;

(03) safety devices for protection against chips, coolants. Coolant supply hoses must be placed so that they do not come into contact with the cutting tool and moving parts of the machine;

(04) tool holding devices (no cracks, fastening strength of hard alloy plates, chip breaking thresholds, etc.).

2.6. The machine operator must ensure sufficient lubrication of the machine, using special tools, check the correct operation of the locking devices and make sure that there are no foreign objects on the machine.

2.7. When the machine is turned on at idle, the following is checked:

(01) the serviceability of the controls (mechanisms of the main movement, feed, start, stop movement, etc.);

(02) serviceability of the lubrication and cooling system;

(03) proper fixation of the switching and switching levers (the possibility of spontaneous switching must be excluded);

(04) whether there is any binding or excessive slack in the moving parts of the machine (in the spindle, in the longitudinal and transverse caliper slides).

2.8. Cutting, measuring, fastening tools and fixtures should be laid out in a convenient order for use. It is allowed to work only with serviceable tools, devices and use them strictly for their intended purpose.

2.9. The cutting tool must be properly sharpened, shanks and seats must not be damaged or deformed.

2.10. Wrenches must have a gap corresponding to the size of nuts, bolt heads, be free of cracks, gouges and burrs. The jaws of the keys must be parallel. Sliding keys must not have excessive slack in the moving parts. It is not allowed to use wrenches, placing plates between the nuts and the wrench, to build up the handles of the keys with the help of another wrench, pipes and other objects.

2.11. Hand tools for cutting and punching metal (chisels, crosscuts, barbs, notches, etc.) must meet the following requirements:

(01) the cutting edge must not be damaged;

(02) side edges in places where the tool is supported by hands should not have sharp edges, burrs and cracks;

(03) The length of the tool must be at least 150mm, the center punch 100mm.

2.12. Files, rasps, scrapers, hammers must be firmly mounted on wooden handles.

2.13. Abrasive wheels must be securely fastened, not have cracks and potholes. Gaskets 0,5 - 1 mm thick are required between the wheel and the clamping flanges. The gap between the abrasive wheel and the tool should be no more than 3 mm.

2.14. On the hoist, hoists there should be inscriptions about the permissible load capacity and the date of the next test.

2.15. It is forbidden to work on faulty equipment, use a faulty tool, independently repair machines and equipment that is not provided for by the qualification characteristics of the worker.

3. Labor protection requirements during work

3.1. Safety requirements must be met throughout the entire technological process, including the operations of technical control, transportation, storage of processing objects and disposal of production waste.

3.2. Technological processes associated with the risk of explosion and fire must be carried out in compliance with special additional requirements (processing of beryllium, its alloys, titanium, magnesium alloys, etc.).

3.3. It is forbidden to work on machines, automatic lines and other metalworking mechanisms in the absence or malfunction of locking devices for starting machines with protective guards for gear, belt, chain drives, and gearboxes.

3.4. It is not allowed to work on machines in mittens or gloves, as well as with bandaged fingers without fingertips.

3.5. Before installing the part on the machine, it is necessary to wipe it and the surface of the fixing devices.

3.6. It is possible to install and remove the cutting tool only after the machine has come to a complete stop.

3.7. When clamping several workpieces at the same time, their clamping must be uniform.

3.8. The movements of the handles during clamping and wringing out the product should not be directed towards the tool.

3.9. When cutting workpieces that extend beyond the equipment, portable fences and safety signs must be installed.

3.10. When processing parts, the cutting conditions indicated in the operating card for this part should be applied. It is impossible to increase the set cutting modes without the knowledge of the master.

3.11. During the operation of the machine, do not take or feed any objects through the running machine, tighten bolts, nuts and other connecting parts of the machine.

3.12. Manual verification of the dimensions of the workpieces and removal of parts for inspection should be carried out only when the mechanisms for rotating or moving workpieces, tools, fixtures are turned off. During the operation of machines and mechanisms, the verification of the dimensions of parts must be carried out by automatically operating instrumentation or special devices.

3.13. Do not cool the cutting tool with wet rags or brushes.

3.14. On metal-cutting machines that have devices for cooling the cutting tool with a free-falling jet (watering) or sprayed liquid that releases harmful aerosols, gas receivers must be equipped to remove these aerosols directly from the place of their formation.

Do not work on machines and mechanisms when spraying or spreading coolant, oil on the floor. Splash guards must be fitted.

3.15. It is forbidden to work on metalworking machines in the absence or malfunction of screens and guards that protect workers from flying chips and metal particles.

If the machines are not provided with protective devices (screens) by their design, it is necessary to use safety glasses.

When processing brittle metals (cast iron, bronze, brass), as well as plastic and textolite, which give flying chips, and when crushing steel chips, dust collectors (suctions) should be used during processing, removing dust and chips from the place of their formation.

When processing viscous metals that produce drain chips, it is necessary to use cutters with special chip breaking devices.

3.16. The machine operator must monitor the timely removal of chips from the workplace and the machine, prevent chips from winding on the workpiece or cutter, and not direct the curly chips towards himself. To remove chips, brushes, hooks and brushes with wooden handles at least 250 mm long should be used. It is forbidden to remove chips directly by hand, use a random tool or hooks with a loop handle.

3.17. If vibration occurs, it is necessary to stop the machine and take measures to eliminate it, check the fastening of the cutter and the part.

3.18. The machine operator must stop the machine and turn off the motor when:

(01) leaving the machine even for a short time (unless assigned to serve several machines);

(02) temporary cessation of work;

(03) power outage;

(04) cleaning, lubricating, cleaning the machine;

(05) detection of a malfunction in the equipment;

(06) tightening bolts, nuts and other connecting parts of the machine;

(07) installation, measurement and removal of the part;

(08) checking or cleaning the cutting edge of the cutter;

(09) removing and putting belts on machine pulleys.

3.19. The workers are allowed to carry out work with the help of lifting machines controlled from the floor and hang the load on the hook of these machines after they have been instructed and tested their skills in operating machines and slinging loads.

3.20. It is not allowed to wash hands in oil, emulsion, kerosene, wipe them with wiping ends contaminated with shavings.

3.21. When preparing solutions of powdered and granular detergents for flushing cooling systems, workers should use masks or respirators.

3.22. Released containers and packaging materials must be removed from workplaces in a timely manner to the places designated for this purpose.

3.23. Cleaning material (rags) is stored in a special, tightly closed metal container, in specially designated places. As the used cleaning materials accumulate, but at least once per shift, the container should be cleaned.

3.24. Coolant should be stored and transported in clean steel drums, cans, cans, as well as in containers made of tinplate or plastic.

3.25. Cleaning of workplaces from chips and dust should be carried out in a way that excludes dust formation.

It is not allowed to blow compressed air over the surface to be treated and the machine.

3.26. When repairing the machine, a sign with the inscription "DO NOT TURN ON! REPAIR" must be posted on the control panel.

4. Requirements for labor protection during turning work

4.1. When working on lathes, the following safety requirements must be met:

(01) chucks, faceplates and other rotating devices for holding workpieces must not have protrusions, nicks or unfilled depressions on their outer surfaces;

(02) the processing area on universal lathes must be protected by a protective device (screen) both from the side of the workplace and from the opposite side;

(03) devices mounted on rotating surfaces must be precisely oriented relative to the axis of rotation;

(04) the faceplates of frontal lathes must be protected from the side of the workplace with serviceable folding devices that ensure safety, and the pits are covered with strong shields (plating);

(05) when processing in the centers of parts with a length equal to 10 - 12 diameters or more, as well as for high-speed and power cutting of parts with a length equal to eight diameters or more, additional supports (rests) should be used;

(06) Machines intended for the processing of bar material should be equipped with tubular railings with sound-absorbing devices to cover the entire length of the bars. On screw-cutting lathes and other machines not designed for processing long bar material, tubular guards must also be installed. In the absence of such fences, the bars must be pre-cut into blanks of such length that they do not protrude beyond the spindle. The bar material fed for processing on machines should not have curvature;

(07) on machines operating on an automatic cycle, the installation and removal of parts must be carried out only at the loading position.

4.2. Sharpening of short cutters should be done using appropriate mandrels.

4.3. The cutter is clamped with the minimum possible overhang of at least three bolts. The machine operator must have a set of linings of various lengths and thicknesses. Only linings equal to the area of ​​the cutter are used, pieces of metal are placed under the cutter, random linings are not allowed.

4.4. When fixing a workpiece in a cam chuck or using faceplates, the workpiece should be grasped by the cams as far as possible, the surface to be machined should be located as close as possible to the support or clamping device. It is not allowed that after fixing the part, the cams protrude from the chuck or faceplate beyond their outer diameter. If the cams protrude, the chuck must be replaced or a special guard installed.

4.5. In a cam chuck without support, only short, balanced parts (no more than two diameters long) can be fixed, in other cases it is necessary to use the center of the tailstock for support. After fixing the part in the chuck, you need to remove the socket wrench.

4.6. When fixing a part in the centers, you must:

(01) wipe and lubricate the center holes of the part;

(02) check that the dimensions of the taper of the turning center correspond to the center hole of the workpiece;

(03) securely fasten the tailstock and quill;

(04) make sure that the part rests on the center with the entire body part of the center hole, do not allow the center to rest against the bottom of the center hole of the part.

4.7. To process a part, you must first turn on the rotation of the spindle, then feed, while the part should be rotated until it comes into contact with the cutter.

When bringing the cutter to the mandrel or faceplate, excessively deep feed of the cutter should be avoided, the cut should be carried out smoothly, without shocks.

Before stopping the machine, you must first turn off the feed, move the cutting tool away from the part, and then turn off the rotation of the spindle.

4.8. When working at high speeds, it is necessary to use a rotating center.

4.9. When centering parts on the machine, cleaning, grinding parts with an emery cloth, filing, scraping, etc., the cutter head must be retracted to a safe distance, and when changing the cartridge and part, the rear center (tailstock) also moves away.

4.10. When installing (screwing) a chuck or faceplate onto a spindle, wooden spacers with a recess in the shape of the chuck (faceplate) must be placed under them on the machine.

4.11. It is forbidden to screw the chuck (faceplate) by sudden braking of the spindle. Screwing the chuck (faceplate) by hitting the cams on the stand is allowed only with manual rotation of the chuck, while stands with long handles should be used (for holding by hand).

4.12. When working on lathes, it is prohibited:

(01) use chucks with worn jaw faces;

(02) use a non-rotating center for high-speed cutting;

(03) use a cartridge without fixing it with crackers that prevent self-unscrewing during reverses;

(04) use a center with worn or clogged cones;

(05) to slow down the rotation of the spindle by hand pressure on the chuck or workpiece;

(06) put parts, tools and other items on the machine bed and tailstock cover;

(07) perform filing, polishing and sharpening of workpieces without the use of special devices (tools) and methods that ensure the safety of these operations, as well as perform these operations manually on parts that have protruding parts, grooves, grooves, and touch with hands or clothing to workpiece.

4.13. It is forbidden to work on machines that do not meet the safety requirements set out in paragraph 4.1.

5. Labor protection requirements for milling work

5.1. When working on milling machines, the following safety requirements must be met:

(01) machine tools should be equipped with fast and reliable braking devices;

(02) special, specialized and universal machines should have reliable and easy-to-use cutter guards;

(03) Machine tools intended for processing brittle and dusty materials should be equipped with dust collectors with a suction device. On console milling machines, convenient and safe removal of chips from the space between the console and the bed, or an appropriate shelter for this space, must be provided. When machining viscous metals, cutters with chip breakers should be used. The accumulation of chips on the cutter and mandrel is not allowed. Chips near a rotating cutter can only be removed with a brush with a handle at least 250 mm long;

(04) copying, drilling-milling and milling machines must have serviceable limit switches to turn off the milling and drilling carriages in the established positions;

(05) on machines where it is not possible to observe the processing of the part directly from the floor, special strong and stable stands should be installed.

5.2. Before installing the cutter, check:

(01) reliability and strength of fastening of teeth or carbide inserts in the cutter body;

(02) the integrity and correctness of sharpening of hard alloy plates, which should not have crumbled places, cracks, burns.

5.3. Installation and removal of cutters by hand must be carried out in gloves. The milling mandrel (cutter) is fixed in the spindle with a key only after the gearbox is turned on in order to prevent the spindle from turning. Clamping and squeezing the cutter with a key on the mandrel by turning on the electric motor is not allowed.

5.4. When removing the adapter sleeve, mandrel or cutter from the spindle, it is necessary to use a special drift, placing a wooden lining on the machine table.

5.5. When attaching a part to untreated surfaces, a vice and devices with a notch on the clamping jaws should be used. The workpiece must be installed securely and correctly on the machine so that it cannot fly out during processing.

5.6. The part to the cutter should be fed after the cutter has received a working rotation, the mechanical feed must be turned on until the part comes into contact with the cutter. With manual feed, sharp increases in speed and depth of cut should not be allowed.

5.7. Before removing the part from the vise, chuck or clamping device, you need to stop the machine, for which turn off the feed, then take the cutter away from the workpiece to a safe distance and turn off the rotation of the cutter (spindle).

5.8. When working on milling machines, it is prohibited:

(01) installation and change of cutters on the machine without the use of special devices that prevent cuts to the hands;

(02) put your hands into the dangerous zone of rotation of the cutter;

(03) open and remove guards and safety devices;

(04) stand on the moving table of the milling machine and go over it until the machine stops completely;

(05) use disc cutters with cracked or broken teeth;

(06) leave the wrench on the draw bolt head after installing the cutter or arbor.

5.9. It is forbidden to store or transport large cutters without special cases (containers) within the enterprise (workshop).

6. Labor protection requirements for drilling and boring work

6.1. Safety requirements when working on drilling machines

6.1.1. When working on drilling machines, the following safety requirements must be met:

(01) before starting work, it is necessary to check that the devices for fixing the working tool provide a reliable clamping, precise centering of the tool and do not have protruding parts (cams, screws, wedges, strips). If it is impossible to fulfill this requirement, the protruding parts must be closed with smooth casings;

(02) Multi-spindle drilling machines must be provided with a device for starting and stopping each spindle separately. If one spindle is used in the work, the rest must be turned off;

(03) vertical drilling, radial drilling, coordinate drilling machines must have serviceable devices that prevent spontaneous lowering of the traverse, trunk, bracket.

It is forbidden to work on machines that do not meet the specified requirements.

6.1.2. Installation of cutting tools is carried out at a complete stop of the machine, while it is necessary to monitor the reliability and strength of their fastening and correct alignment. When changing tools, lower the spindle. When changing tools on multi-spindle heads, special stands must be used to prevent the head from falling.

6.1.3. Workpieces, vices and fixtures on drilling machines must be securely fastened to a table or foundation plate. Fastening is carried out with special fasteners: bolts corresponding to the groove of the table, clamping bars, stops, etc. The vise must be in good condition, and the notches of their jaws must be unworked.

6.1.4. Installation of parts on the machine and removing them from the machine is carried out when the spindle with the cutting tool is in its original position, except for machines equipped with a special multi-place device that ensures loading of the part outside the working area.

6.1.5. The cutting tool must be brought to the workpiece smoothly, without impact.

6.1.6. If the chuck fastening is loosened, and also if the part rotates on the table along with the drill, you should immediately stop the machine and make the necessary fastening.

6.1.7. In the event of a tool jamming, breakage of the drill shank, tap or other tool, the machine must be switched off immediately. When replacing a chuck or drill, a wooden drift is used.

6.1.8. When drilling on machines where there are no chip guards, goggles or a protective shield made of transparent material must be used.

6.1.9. When drilling deep holes, periodically withdraw the drill from the hole to remove chips.

6.1.10. When drilling holes in ductile metals, twist drills with chip control flutes should be used.

6.1.11. Chips can only be removed from the workpiece and from the table when the tool is stopped.

6.1.12. Before stopping the machine, move the tool away from the workpiece.

6.1.13. When working on drilling machines, it is prohibited:

(01) process parts that are not fixed in the appropriate fixtures (vise, jigs), hold the parts with your hands while the machine is operating;

(02) installation and removal of workpieces during machine operation (if there are no special positioning devices);

(03) lean close to the spindle and cutting tool;

(04) use on machine tools with clogged or worn tapers and shanks;

(05) stop the machine by pressing the spindle or chuck with your hand, touch the drill until the machine stops completely.

6.2. Safety requirements when working on boring machines

6.2.1. When working at height, when the boring machine spindle is in the upper position relative to the bed, it is allowed to change the cutting tool and measurements, as well as operate the machine only on a specially extended platform.

6.2.2. Portable tables, plates, squares, etc. before fixing the workpiece on them, they must be securely fixed on the machine plate. The part must be securely and rigidly fixed on the frame, regardless of its size and weight. The fastening of the part is carried out in places with solid supports to exclude the possibility of deformation and failure of the part. When fastening parts, only special gaskets are used.

6.2.3. Checking the correct installation of the part is carried out using a thickness gauge or indicator.

6.2.4. When installing and aligning the part on the machine, the alignment of the part must be done with jacks or wedges. Do not use crowbars or random metal rods for this purpose.

6.2.5. The tool can only be installed when the spindle is turned off.

6.2.6. The cutting tool is brought to the part gradually, without impact. With manual feed, abrupt changes in feed rate and depth of cut should not be allowed.

6.2.7. When changing, the tool must only be knocked out with a wedge specially designed for this purpose and corresponding in size to the cone. To knock out the tool, brass or non-hardened steel hammers are used.

6.2.8. After removing the part from the machine, it is necessary to remove all the bolts from the grooves of the plate and remove them to the designated place.

6.2.9. When working on a boring machine, it is prohibited:

(01) fixing the tool with studs and homemade fixtures;

(02) approach the spindle to observe the processing of the part;

(03) allow clamping bolt heads and wedges to protrude above the mandrel surface;

(04) leave the end of the slider of the horizontal boring machine protruding beyond the circumference of the faceplate;

(05) handle the parts supported by the crane.

7. Labor protection requirements for planing work

7.1. Safety requirements when working on planing machines

7.1.1. When working on planing machines, the following safety requirements must be met:

(01) machines must be equipped with serviceable guards for the maximum output of tables and sliders, the reverse mechanism, feed mechanisms (eccentrics, ratchets, rails);

(02) the mechanical (rocker) drive of the slider must be equipped with a cutter speed changeover lock while the machine is running;

(03) If it is not possible to operate the machine and observe the workpiece from the floor, special strong and stable stands should be used.

It is forbidden to work on machines that do not meet the specified requirements.

7.1.2. When installing and fixing the workpiece, you must:

(01) correctly install the overall fences from the ends of the machine;

(02) move the table or slide as far as possible from the support;

(03) use only special fasteners (bolts, clamping bars, stops);

(04) set the stops so that they take up the cutting forces;

(05) check that the workpiece does not touch the columns or the support during the operation of the machine, and there are no foreign objects on the machine table.

7.1.3. When working on planing machines, it is prohibited:

(01) turn on the mechanical feed of the caliper while the machine is running;

(02) to change during the operation of the machine the stroke length of the slider;

(03) switch the speed of the slide during the working stroke;

(04) check the sharpness and serviceability of the cutter with your hand, tilt the cutter with your hands during the idle (reverse) stroke of the machine;

(05) to allow people and enter dangerous areas for the worker himself, if the electric motor of the machine drive is not turned off.

7.2. Safety requirements when working on slotting machines

7.2.1. When installing a part on slotting machines, you must:

(01) check the serviceability of the tool holder, the correct sharpening of the cutter, the absence of cracks and breaks on it;

(02) securely and rigidly fix the workpiece with special fasteners (bolts, clamping bars, stops) on the machine table;

(03) set the stops so that they take up the cutting forces;

(04) check that there is sufficient exit for the cutter and chips when chiseling at close range.

7.2.2. Adjustment and fastening of the stroke limiter cams may only be carried out after the machine has been switched off and the movement of its parts has stopped.

7.3. Safety requirements when working on broaching machines

7.3.1. Horizontally and vertically broaching machines must have serviceable protective devices (casings) that exclude the possibility of the operator's hands getting into the area between the broach and casings.

7.3.2. Vertical broaching machines must have guards in the form of a bracket to catch the broach in case it falls out of the chuck of the return mechanism.

7.3.3. Horizontal broaching machines must have a protective device (casing) of the mechanism for securing broaches, which protects workers from flying out of an accidentally broken tool.

7.3.4. It is only allowed to install parts on the machine and remove them from the machine when the fixtures for clamping them and the cutting tool are in their original position.

7.3.5. It is allowed to clean the cutting tool, attachments and workpieces with special brushes when the cutting tool and fixtures are in their original position.

7.3.6. When working with long broaches on horizontal broaching machines, you need to use a moving steady rest.

7.3.7. When working on broaching machines, it is prohibited:

(01) clean and straighten cutting tools, fixtures and workpiece while the machine is running;

(02) install the part on one of the columns, while being at the other column.

7.3.8. In the event of a malfunction of one of the columns, you must immediately stop the machine and inform the foreman about it.

7.3.9. Within the workshop (site), broaches should be stored and transported in special cases (containers).

7.4. Safety requirements when working on gear-cutting machines

7.4.1. The processing area of ​​the machine must be protected by a protective device.

7.4.2. For reliable and durable fastening of the workpiece on the machine, it is necessary to use special fastening devices (bolts, clamping bars, stops) and key handles.

7.4.3. When working on gear-cutting machines, it is prohibited:

(01) put your hands into the dangerous zone of rotation of the cutter or shaver;

(02) allow the beating of gears and mandrel for the cutter, cutter when cutting the profile;

(03) open or remove protective and safety devices.

8. Labor protection requirements for sharpening, grinding and polishing work

8.1. All rotating abrasive tools (wheels) on machines, as well as the ends of spindles (shafts) with cones, threads, nuts, must be covered with protective covers, the fastening of which must securely hold the cover in the event of a circle break.

8.2. Grinding and grinding machines with a horizontal axis of rotation of the circle, when working on which the workpiece is held by hands, must be equipped with protective screens with viewing windows. If it is impossible to use a protective screen, protective visors fixed on the worker's head, or goggles should be used.

8.3. Grinding machines designed to operate with a peripheral wheel speed of 60 m / s or more must have additional protective devices in the form of metal screens and fences that cover the working area during grinding, and shields that cover the open area of ​​​​the circle when the latter is retracted.

Cylindrical grinding machines must have devices that prevent the tailstock quill from leaving during the grinding process.

8.4. Polishing and grinding (dry grinding) machines must be equipped with local exhaust ventilation. It is not allowed to work in the absence or malfunction of ventilation.

8.5. Grinding machines with electromagnetic plates must have blocking devices that exclude the movement of the table and the rotation of the grinding wheel when the power supply to the electromagnetic plate is interrupted.

8.6. When sharpening, polishing and grinding products held in the hands, special devices (handpieces) and mandrels should be used. Handstands must be movable to ensure the possibility of their installation in the desired position, and also have a platform of sufficient size for a stable position of the workpiece. The gap between the edge of the handrest and the working surface of the circle should be no more than 3 mm. The handrests should be installed so that the upper point of contact of the product with the circle is above the horizontal plane passing through the center of the circle, but not more than 10 mm.

8.7. Wheels mounted on the machine must be well centered, have test marks, be carefully examined and checked for cracks. The installation of the tool (circles) must be carried out by a specially trained worker or adjuster. Circles must be protected from shocks and shocks.

8.8. Polishing wheels on a wooden disc must be fixed on the machine spindle using flanges of the same diameter with internal recesses on the clamping surfaces.

8.9. Centering and removal of protruding parts of polishing wheels (felt and sewn cloth) should be carried out on a special (roughing) machine equipped with a protective cover and local exhaust ventilation.

8.10. The use of worn and defective polishing wheels is not permitted.

8.11. Work on the newly installed circle can only be started after it has been run in at the permissible operating speed at idle for 2 minutes. At the same time, it is necessary to take measures to ensure the safety of workers and surrounding persons in the event of a circle break.

8.12. Abrasive and CBN tools designed for work with the use of coolant are not allowed to be operated without the use of coolant.

8.13. The abrasive cloth of belt grinding machines must be protected by a casing along the entire length of the cloth, except for the zone of contact with the workpiece.

8.14. When grinding with an emery cloth, it must be fed with special devices. Hand feed is prohibited.

8.15. Polishing paste in the solid state must be applied to the polishing wheels at low speed using special mandrels that hold the paste. Do not hold hard paste with your hands.

Polishing paste in a liquid state must be applied to the polishing wheels at low speed with brushes and with the protective cover installed. It is forbidden to apply liquid paste by watering.

8.16. When dressing grinding wheels with diamond tools such as pencils, diamonds in frames, etc. it is necessary to ensure their mutual arrangement, excluding the possibility of tool jamming.

8.17. Diamond and metal dust that did not get into the local suction must be removed from the machine with a sweeping brush and a dustpan, while wearing protective goggles. Doing this work by hand is not allowed.

8.18. At the end of work with the coolant, you need to turn off the fluid supply and turn on the machine to idle for 2 - 3 minutes to dry the circle.

8.19. When working on sharpening, grinding and polishing machines, it is prohibited:

(01) use wheels that have cracks or gouges;

(02) hold the workpiece in suspension;

(03) bring the face closer to the rotating spindle and workpiece while observing the progress of processing;

(04) use of a lever or any other device to press the workpiece against the abrasive wheel on manual feed machines;

(05) use impact tools and wrench sockets when fastening abrasive and diamond tools;

(06) to polish with wheels made up of stitched and non-stitched cloth (coarse calico) sections, if the width of the workpiece is less than the thickness of the section or if the part has sharp protrusions;

(07) balance the polishing wheel by cutting off unbalanced parts of it with a knife while rotating the wheel quickly;

(08) trimming and dressing of polishing nylon brushes with a carborundum wheel. This operation must be carried out with a cutter on a special machine;

(09) use polishing wheels made up of different materials;

(10) to allow the limit operation of circles;

(11) work with the side of the abrasive wheel (unless the wheel is specifically designed for such work);

(12) use mineral bonded wheels when wet grinding.

9. Requirements for labor protection when sawing and cutting metal

9.1. It is allowed to work on saws if the cutting tool (saw blade, band saw) is covered with a solid metal casing with regulation of the amount of opening of the part (zone) of the saw according to the size and profile of the metal being cut and there are screens that protect the worker from chips flying off from the cutting zone.

9.2. The supply of material when cutting it on machines with band and circular saws is allowed only with the help of special devices that ensure a stable position of the material being cut and eliminate the possibility of damage to the worker's hands.

9.3. Crank shears with an inclined knife for cutting sheet material must have serviceable:

(01) devices for stacking cut sheets (tables, roller tables) installed at the level of the fixed knife;

(02) guides and safety rulers, allowing the worker to see the line (place) of the cut;

(03) stops to limit the feed of the cut sheet, the regulation of which must be mechanized and carried out from the workplace of the cutter;

(04) mechanical and hydraulic clamps for fixing the cut material;

(05) safety devices interlocked with the triggers, excluding the possibility of getting fingers working under the knives and clamps.

9.4. Crank shears with an inclined blade must be equipped with lockable disconnect devices to turn off the electric motor in order to prevent the possibility of starting the shears during a break in work. The starting pedals of the scissors must have guards that exclude the possibility of their accidental activation.

9.5. Multi-disc shears in the areas of the unwinder and take-up device must have protective guards.

9.6. Manual lever scissors must be securely fastened to special racks, workbenches, tables.

9.7. The operation of scissors is not allowed if there are dents, dents, cracks in any part of the knife, blunting of the cutting edge, and also if there are gaps between the cutting edges above the permissible value. The gap between the knives of the scissors should be no more than 0,05 of the thickness of the sheet material being cut.

9.8. When working on cutting machines, it is necessary to check the operation of the automatic blocking of the start and feed of the saw with the clamping of the workpiece, the serviceability of the saw blade and the reliability of its fastening, then firmly fix the workpiece. The saw blade should be brought to the workpiece smoothly, without bumps.

9.9. If chipped teeth are found or the blade becomes dull, the machine must be stopped.

9.10. Metalworkers must wear protective goggles. To prevent accidents with other persons, protective screens (screens) must be installed at the work sites.

9.11. Cut blanks and waste should be discharged directly into crates or trolleys using roller conveyors, chutes and other devices.

9.12. When working on sawing and cutting metals, it is prohibited:

(01) use saw blades with cracked blades or teeth, broken teeth, or loose carbide or high speed steel blades;

(02) cut narrow strips with guillotine shears that cannot be secured with clamps;

(03) stand in the plane of rotation of the disc while the machine is running;

(04) support the cut end of the workpiece with your hands or hold the cut sheets in your hands;

(05) fix the workpiece on the cutting machine while the disc is rotating;

(06) use roller knives with a diameter less than thirty times the thickness of the material being cut;

(07) eject chips on the fly from disc segments;

(08) allow oil and coolant to splash onto the floor;

(09) correct the position of the cooling system tube while the disk is rotating.

10. Labor protection requirements in emergency situations

10.1. In case of ignition of combustible substances, it is necessary to use a fire extinguisher, sand, earth or cover the fire with a tarpaulin or felt. It is forbidden to pour water on burning fuel and non-disconnected electrical equipment.

10.2. In all cases of detection of a fire or its signs (smoke, smell of burning), damage to technical equipment or other danger, the machine operator must immediately report to the foreman and leave the danger zone.

10.3. If the lighting suddenly turns off, you must wait for it to turn on. It is dangerous to move in unlit areas.

10.4. If you find the slightest signs of poisoning or irritation of the skin, mucous membranes of the eyes, upper respiratory tract, you must immediately stop work, inform the master and contact the first-aid post.

11. Labor protection requirements at the end of work

11.1. At the end of the work, the operator must:

(01) turn off the equipment, tidy up the workplace, remove chips, tools, fixtures from the machine, clean the machine from dirt, wipe and lubricate the rubbing parts of the machine, put finished products, workpieces, other materials and personal protective equipment in the places provided for them ;

(02) put overalls and safety shoes in a personal closet for overalls, in case of contamination, hand over to the laundry (replace);

(03) wash hands and face with soap and water or take a shower.

Application (required). Rules for the provision of first aid to victims

1. General provisions

1.1. First aid is the simplest measures necessary to preserve the health and save the life of a person who has suffered a sudden illness or injury.

The rescue of the victim in most cases depends on how quickly and correctly the first aid will be provided.

1.2. The essence of first aid is to stop the impact of traumatic factors, to carry out the simplest medical measures and to ensure the speedy transportation of the victim to a medical institution.

1.3. For the correct setting of first aid work, the following conditions must be met:

(01) in each work shift, special persons should be assigned responsible for the condition and systematic replenishment of first aid supplies and devices stored in first aid kits;

(02) in each work shift, people capable of providing first aid should be identified and trained;

(03) care provided by a non-specialist should only be care provided before a doctor, and not instead of a doctor, and should include the following: temporary control of bleeding, dressing of a wound (burn), immobilization (immovable fixation) for severe injuries, resuscitation measures ( artificial respiration, closed heart massage), the issuance of painkillers and other drugs for well-known diseases, the transfer and transportation of victims;

(04) the first aid kit must contain all the necessary medical equipment (according to the packaging manual) for first aid.

1.4. Signs of life and death of a person.

1.4.1. Signs of life:

(01) heartbeat; the assisting person determines with his hand or by putting his ear (by ear) below the left nipple of the victim's chest;

(02) the pulse is determined on the inside of the forearm, on the neck;

(03) the presence of breathing is established by the movements of the chest, by moistening the mirror attached to the nose of the victim, or by the movement of cotton brought to the nasal openings;

(04) pupil reaction to light. When a beam of light is directed, a sharp narrowing of the pupil occurs.

Signs of life are unmistakable proof that immediate assistance can still save a person.

1.4.2. Signs of death.

(01) Human death consists of two phases: clinical and biological.

Clinical death lasts 5 - 7 minutes. A person does not breathe, there is no heartbeat, but there are still no irreversible changes in the tissues of the body. During this period, the body can still be revived.

After 8 - 10 minutes, biological death occurs. In this phase, it is no longer possible to save the victim's life (due to irreversible changes in vital organs: the brain, heart, lungs).

(02) Distinguish between doubtful signs of death and obvious cadaveric signs.

Doubtful signs of death: the victim is not breathing; heartbeat is not determined; there is no reaction to a needle prick of a skin area; the reaction of the pupils to strong light is negative (the pupil does not narrow).

Explicit cadaveric signs: clouding of the cornea and its drying; when squeezing the eye from the sides with fingers, the pupil narrows and resembles a cat's eye; rigor mortis (starts from the head 1 to 4 hours after death); body cooling; cadaveric spots (resulting from the flow of blood into the lower parts of the body).

2. Methods of resuscitation (revival) of victims of clinical death

2.1. Carrying out artificial respiration by the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose method.

2.1.1. Artificial respiration should be performed if the victim does not breathe or breathes with difficulty (rarely, convulsively) or if breathing gradually worsens regardless of the causes (electric shock, poisoning, drowning, etc.).

2.1.2. You should not continue to do artificial respiration after the appearance of independent.

2.1.3. When starting artificial respiration, the caregiver must:

(01) if possible, lay the casualty on their back;

(02) release the victim from clothing restricting breathing (remove the scarf, unfasten the collar, trouser belt, etc.);

(03) free the victim's mouth from foreign objects;

(04) with the mouth tightly closed, open it, push the lower jaw forward, doing this so that the lower teeth are in front of the upper ones (as shown in the figure - not shown).

If it is not possible to open the mouth in this way, then carefully insert a board, a metal plate or a spoon handle, etc. between the back molars (at the corner of the mouth). and unclench your teeth;

(05) stand to the side of the victim's head, put one hand under the neck, and with the palm of the other hand press on the forehead, tilting the head back as much as possible;

(06) lean towards the victim's face, take a deep breath with an open mouth, completely tightly cover the victim's open mouth with his lips and exhale vigorously (at the same time covering the victim's nose with his cheek or fingers). Air can be blown through gauze, a scarf, a special device "air duct", etc.

With tightly clenched jaws of the victim, it is necessary to take measures in accordance with paragraph 2.1.3, subparagraph (04), because artificial respiration by the mouth-to-nose method is carried out with the victim's mouth open;

(07) in the absence of spontaneous breathing and the presence of a pulse, artificial respiration can be performed in the "sitting" or "vertical" position (on a support, on a mast, etc.);

(08) observe the second interval between artificial breaths (the time of each breath of air is 1,5 - 2 s);

(09) after restoration of spontaneous breathing in the victim (visually determined by the expansion of the chest), stop artificial respiration and put the victim in a stable lateral position (turning of the head, torso and shoulders is carried out simultaneously).

2.2. External cardiac massage.

2.2.1. External cardiac massage is performed during cardiac arrest, characterized by:

(01) pallor or cyanosis of the skin;

(02) absence of a pulse in the carotid arteries;

(03) loss of consciousness;

(04) cessation or disturbance of breathing (convulsive breaths).

2.2.2. Conductive external heart massage is required to:

(01) lay the victim on a flat, hard base (floor, bench, etc.);

(02) position yourself at the side of the victim and (if one person is assisting) make two quick, vigorous blows in the mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose manner;

(03) put the palm of one hand (usually the left) on the lower half of the sternum (stepping back 3 transverse fingers above its lower edge). Put the palm of the second hand on top of the first. The fingers of the hands do not touch the surface of the body of the victim;

(04) press with quick jerks (arms are straightened at the elbow joints) on the sternum, shifting it strictly vertically down by 4-5 cm, with a pressure duration of no more than 0,5 seconds. and with an interval of pressing no more than 0,5 s;

(05) for every 2 deep breaths, perform 15 chest compressions (with one person assisting);

(06) with the participation of two people in resuscitation, carry out the "breathing-massage" ratio as 1:5 (ie, after deep inhalation, carry out five pressures on the chest);

(07) when performing resuscitation by one person every 2 minutes, interrupt the heart massage for 2 - 3 seconds and check the pulse on the victim's carotid artery;

(08) when a pulse appears, stop external cardiac massage and continue artificial respiration until spontaneous breathing appears.

3. First aid for injury

3.1. A wound is a damage to the integrity of the skin, mucous membrane or organ.

3.2. The first aid provider must remember that:

(01) help should be provided with cleanly washed hands with soap or, if this cannot be done, lubricate the fingers with iodine tincture. Touching the wound itself, even with washed hands, is prohibited;

(02) Do not wash the wound with water or medicines, fill it with iodine or alcohol, cover with powder, cover with ointments, put cotton wool directly on the wound. All of the above can interfere with wound healing, bringing dirt from the surface of the skin, thereby causing its subsequent suppuration;

(03) do not remove blood clots, foreign bodies from the wound (because this can cause bleeding);

(04) in no case should any tissues or organs protruding outwards be pressed into the inside of the wound - they must be covered from above with clean gauze;

(05) do not wrap the wound with insulating tape;

(06) with extensive wounds of the limbs, they must be immobilized (fixed motionless).

3.3. To provide first aid for injuries, you must:

(01) open the individual package in the first aid kit (bag) (according to the instruction printed on its wrapper);

(02) apply a sterile dressing to the wound (without touching the part of the dressing that is applied directly to the wound) and secure it with a bandage;

(03) in the absence of an individual dressing bag, use a clean handkerchief, a clean cloth, etc.;

(04) in the presence of disinfectants (iodine tincture, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, gasoline), it is necessary to treat the edges of the wound with them;

(05) give the victim painkillers.

3.4. If the wound is contaminated with earth, it is necessary to urgently consult a doctor (for the introduction of tetanus toxoid).

3.5. In case of moderate and severe injuries, it is necessary to deliver the victim to a first-aid post or medical institution.

3.6. In case of penetrating wounds of the chest cavity, it is necessary to transport the victims on a stretcher in the "lying" position with the head part raised or in the "semi-sitting" position.

3.7. With penetrating wounds of the abdomen, it is necessary to transport the victim on a stretcher in the "lying" position.

4. First aid for bleeding

4.1. Bleeding is the outflow of blood from a vessel as a result of an injury or complication of certain diseases.

4.2. There are the following types of bleeding:

(01) capillary - occurs with superficial wounds, blood oozes in tiny droplets. To stop bleeding, it is enough to press a gauze swab to the wounded area or apply a slightly pressure sterile bandage;

(02) venous - blood is dark red, flows out in an even stream;

(03) arterial - blood of a scarlet color, is thrown upwards by a pulsating jet (fountain);

(04) mixed - occurs when both veins and arteries bleed in the wound. This is observed with deep wounds.

4.3. When a vein is injured on a limb, the latter must be lifted up and then a pressure sterile bandage applied.

If it is impossible to stop the bleeding with the above method, you should squeeze the blood vessels below the wound site with your finger, apply a tourniquet, bend the limb in the joint or use a twist.

4.4. Arterial bleeding can be stopped, just like venous bleeding. In case of bleeding from a large artery (with insufficient application of a pressure bandage), it is necessary to apply a tourniquet above the site of bleeding.

4.5. After applying a tourniquet or twist, you must write a note indicating the time of their application and put it in a bandage (under a bandage or tourniquet).

4.6. Keep the applied tourniquet for more than 1,5 - 2,0 hours. is not allowed, because this can lead to necrosis of the bloodless limb.

4.7. If pain occurs from the imposition of a tourniquet, it is necessary for 10-15 minutes. take off. To do this, before removing the tourniquet, they press the artery through which blood flows to the wound with a finger; dissolve the tourniquet should be slow; after 10 - 15 minutes, the tourniquet is applied again.

4.8. After 1 hour, even if the victim can endure the pain from the tourniquet, it should still be removed for 10-15 minutes.

4.9. In case of moderate and severe venous and arterial bleeding, the victims must be taken to a first-aid post or any medical institution.

4.10. In case of nosebleeds, the victim should be seated, put a cold lotion on the bridge of the nose, squeeze the nostrils with your fingers for 4-5 minutes.

If the bleeding does not stop, it is necessary to carefully insert a dense gauze or cotton swab moistened with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution into the bleeding nostril, leaving the end of the gauze strip (cotton) outside, for which after 2,0 - 2,5 hours you can remove the swab.

If it is impossible to stop the bleeding of the victim, it is necessary to deliver to the first-aid post (in the "sitting" position) or call the medical staff to him.

4.11. First aid for mixed bleeding includes all of the above activities: rest, cold, pressure bandage (tourniquet).

5. First aid for burns

5.1. Burns are:

(01) thermal - caused by fire, steam, hot objects, sunlight, quartz, etc.;

(02) chemical - caused by the action of acids and alkalis;

(03) electrical - caused by the action of an electric current.

5.2. According to the severity of burns are divided into:

(01) 1st degree burns - characterized by redness and swelling of the skin;

(02) 2nd degree burns - blisters form on the skin;

(03) 3rd degree burns - characterized by the formation of scabs on the skin as a result of necrosis of the superficial and deep layers of the skin;

(04) 4th degree burns - charring of skin tissues occurs, damage to muscles, tendons and bones.

5.3. Providing first aid to victims of thermal and electrical burns must:

(01) remove the victim from the zone of the heat source;

(02) extinguish burning parts of clothing (throw any cloth, blanket, etc., or smother the flame with water);

(03) give the victim painkillers;

(04) put a sterile dressing on the burned areas, in case of extensive burns, cover the burn surface with clean gauze or an ironed sheet;

(05) for eye burns, apply cold soaks from a solution of boric acid (1/2 teaspoon of acid to a glass of water);

(06) deliver the victim to the first-aid post.

5.4. The person providing first aid for chemical burns must:

(01) if solid particles of chemicals come into contact with the affected areas of the body, remove them with a swab or cotton;

(02) immediately flush the affected area with plenty of clean cold water (for 10 to 15 minutes);

(03) in case of skin burns with acid, make lotions (bandage) with a solution of baking soda (1 teaspoon of soda per glass of water);

(04) in case of skin burns with alkali, make a lotion (bandage) with a solution of boric acid (1 teaspoon per glass of water) or with a weak solution of acetic acid (1 teaspoon of table vinegar per glass of water);

(05) if liquid or acid vapor gets into the eyes or mouth, rinse them with plenty of water and then with a solution of baking soda (1/2 teaspoon per glass of water);

(06) if splashes or vapors of alkali get into the eyes or mouth, rinse the affected areas with plenty of water and then with a solution of boric acid (1/2 teaspoon per glass of water);

(07) if acid or alkali enters the esophagus, give no more than 3 glasses of water to drink, lay down and cover the victim warmly;

(08) in severe cases, take the victim to a medical center or any medical institution.

5.5. It is forbidden:

(01) touching burned areas of the body with hands;

(02) lubricate with ointments or sprinkle powders on burned areas of the skin and mucous surfaces;

(03) burst bubbles;

(04) remove various substances adhering to the burnt place (mastic, rosin, resins, etc.);

(05) to tear off clothes and shoes from the burned area.

6. First aid for general hypothermia and frostbite

6.1. Frostbite is tissue damage caused by exposure to low temperatures.

6.2. With mild frostbite (blanching and redness of the skin, up to loss of sensitivity), the first aid provider must:

(01) move the casualty to a warm room as soon as possible;

(02) give the victim hot tea, coffee, hot food;

(03) put the frostbitten limb in a warm bath (basin, bucket) at a temperature of 20°C, bringing it to the temperature for 20 - 30 minutes. up to 40°C (in case of contamination, wash the limb with soap).

6.3. With a slight frostbite of limited areas of the body, the latter can be warmed with the help of the warmth of the hands of the first aid provider.

6.4. In case of severe frostbite (appearance of blisters on the skin, necrosis of soft tissues), the caregiver must:

(01) urgently transfer the victim to a warm room;

(02) treat the skin around the blisters with alcohol (without piercing them);

(03) put a sterile dressing on the frostbitten part;

(04) give the victim hot tea, coffee;

(05) apply general body warming (warm wraps, heating pads, etc.);

(06) transport the victim to a first-aid post or medical facility.

6.5. It is forbidden to rub frostbitten parts of the body with snow, alcohol, apply a hot heating pad.

7. First aid to the victim from the action of electric current

7.1. The first aid provider must:

(01) release the victim from the action of electric current, observing the necessary precautions (when separating the victim from live parts and wires, it is imperative to use dry clothes or dry objects that do not conduct electric current);

(02) within 1 min. assess the general condition of the victim (determination of consciousness, color of skin and mucous membranes, breathing, pulse, pupil reaction);

(03) in the absence of consciousness, lay the victim down, unbutton the clothes, create an influx of fresh air, bring a cotton swab moistened with a solution of ammonia to the nose, carry out general warming;

(04) if necessary (very slow and spasmodic breathing, weak pulse) start artificial respiration;

(05) carry out resuscitation (revitalization) measures until the function of vital organs is restored or until obvious signs of death appear;

(06) if the victim vomits, turn his head and shoulders to the side to remove the vomit;

(07) after resuscitation, provide the victim with complete rest and call the medical staff;

(08) if necessary, transport the victim on a stretcher in the prone position.

8. First aid for injuries: fractures, dislocations, bruises, sprains

8.1. Violent damage to the body, caused by external influences, resulting in impaired health, is called trauma.

8.2. Seriously injured persons must not be carried until a doctor or other qualified person has arrived, unless they must be removed from a hazardous area.

8.3. A fracture is a break in the integrity of a bone.

8.4. Fractures are characterized by:

(01) sharp pain (worse when trying to change position);

(02) bone deformity (due to displacement of bone fragments);

(03) swelling of the fracture site.

8.5. There are open (violation of the skin) and closed (the skin is not broken) fractures.

8.6. The caregiver for fractures (dislocations) should:

(01) give the victim painkillers;

(02) with an open fracture - stop bleeding, treat the wound, apply a bandage;

(03) provide immobilization (creation of rest) of the broken bone with standard splints or available materials (plywood, boards, sticks, etc.);

(04) in case of a fracture of a limb, apply splints, fixing at least two joints - one above, the other below the fracture site (the center of the splint should be at the fracture site);

(05) in case of fractures (dislocations) of the shoulder or forearm, fix the injured arm in the physiological position (bent at the elbow joint at an angle of 90°) by placing a dense ball of cotton wool or a bandage in the palm, hanging the arm to the neck on a kerchief (bandage);

(06) in case of fracture (dislocation) of the bones of the hand and fingers to a wide splint (the width of the palm and a length from the middle of the forearm to the fingertips), bandage the hand by putting a ball of cotton wool or bandage into the palm, hang the hand to the neck with a scarf (bandage );

(07) in case of a fracture (dislocation) of the femur, apply an external splint from the armpit to the heel, and an internal splint from the perineum to the heel (if possible, without lifting the limb). Transport the victim on a stretcher;

(08) in case of fracture (dislocation) of the bones of the lower leg, fix the knee and ankle joints of the affected limb. Transport the victim on a stretcher;

(09) in case of a fracture (dislocation) of the collarbone, put a small piece of cotton wool into the armpit (on the side of the injury) and bandage the arm bent at a right angle to the body;

(10) in case of damage to the spine, carefully, without lifting the victim, slip a wide board, thick plywood, etc. under his back. or turn the victim face down without bending the torso. Transportation only on a stretcher;

(11) for broken ribs, bandage the chest tightly or pull it off with a towel while exhaling;

(12) in case of a fracture of the pelvic bones, slip a wide board under the back, put the victim in the “frog” position (bend the legs at the knees and spread them apart, and move the feet together, put a roller of clothes under the knees). Transport the victim only on a stretcher;

(13) apply "cold" to the fracture site (rubber ice pack, cold water bottle, cold packs, etc.) to reduce pain.

8.7. Any attempts to independently compare bone fragments or reduce dislocations are prohibited.

8.8. In case of a head injury (may be observed: headache, loss of consciousness, nausea, vomiting, bleeding from the ears), it is necessary:

(01) lay the casualty on his back;

(02) fix the head on both sides with soft rollers and apply a tight bandage;

(03) if there is a wound, apply a sterile dressing;

(04) put "cold";

(05) provide peace;

(06) when vomiting (unconscious), turn the victim's head to the side.

8.9. With bruises (characterized by pain and swelling at the site of the bruise), it is necessary:

(01) apply cold to the injury site;

(02) apply a tight bandage;

(03) create peace.

8.10. When stretching ligaments, you must:

(01) fix the injured limb with bandages, splints, improvised materials, etc.;

(02) provide rest to the injured limb;

(03) apply "cold" to the injury site.

8.11. When squeezing the victim with a weight, it is necessary:

(01) free him from gravity;

(02) provide assistance depending on the damage.

9. First aid for shock

9.1. Shock (insensibility) - the state of the body as a result of impaired circulation, respiration and metabolism. This is a serious reaction of the body to injury, representing a great danger to human life.

9.2. The signs of shock are:

(01) pallor of the skin;

(02) clouding (up to loss) of consciousness;

(03) cold sweat;

(04) dilated pupils;

(05) acceleration of breathing and pulse;

(06) drop in blood pressure;

(07) in severe cases, there may be vomiting, ashy complexion, cyanosis of the skin, involuntary feces and urination.

9.3. The first aid provider must:

(01) provide the necessary assistance, corresponding to the type of injury (stop bleeding, immobilize the fracture site, etc.);

(02) wrap the victim in a blanket, laying him horizontally with his head slightly lowered;

(03) when thirsty (excluding abdominal injuries), give the victim some water to drink;

(04) call for qualified medical assistance immediately;

(05) transport the casualty on a stretcher to the hospital with extreme care.

10. First aid in case of foreign bodies entering human organs and tissues

10.1. If a foreign body enters the respiratory throat, it is necessary:

(01) ask the victim to make several sharp coughing shocks;

(02) inflict 3-5 short blows with a brush on the interscapular region with the head tilted down or in the prone position;

(03) grasp the victim from behind, clasping the hands between the xiphoid process of the sternum and the navel and apply 3 to 5 quick pressures on the victim's abdomen.

10.2. If a foreign body (mote) gets into the eye, it is necessary to rinse the eye with a stream of water (from a glass using cotton wool or gauze), directing the latter from the corner of the eye (temple) to the inner corner of the eye (toward the nose).

10.2.1. Do not rub your eyes.

10.2.2. In case of severe injuries, it is necessary to put a sterile bandage on the eye and urgently deliver the victim to a first-aid post or medical institution.

10.3. If foreign bodies get into soft tissues (under the skin, nails, etc.), it is necessary:

(01) remove the foreign body (if there is confidence that this can be done);

(02) treat the injection site of the foreign body with iodine solution;

(03) apply a sterile dressing.

11. First aid for poisoning

11.1. In case of gas poisoning (acetylene, carbon monoxide, gasoline vapors, etc.), the victims feel: headache, "knocking in the temples", "ringing in the ears", general weakness, dizziness, drowsiness; in severe cases, there may be an excited state, respiratory failure, dilated pupils.

11.1.1. The caregiver must:

(01) withdraw or remove the victim from the gassed area;

(02) unfasten clothing and let in fresh air;

(03) lay the victim down with legs raised (in case of carbon monoxide poisoning, strictly horizontally);

(04) cover the victim with a blanket, clothing, etc.;

(05) bring a cotton swab moistened with a solution of ammonia to the nose of the victim;

(06) give plenty of liquid to drink;

(07) when breathing stops, begin artificial respiration;

(08) urgently call for qualified medical assistance.

11.2. In case of chlorine poisoning, it is necessary:

(01) rinse eyes, nose and mouth with a solution of baking soda (1/2 teaspoon per glass of water);

(02) give the victim sips of warm water;

(03) send the victim to the first-aid post.

11.3. In case of poisoning with spoiled foods (headaches, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, general weakness may occur), it is necessary:

(01) give the victim 3 to 4 glasses of water or a pink solution of potassium permanganate to drink, followed by induction of vomiting;

(02) repeat washing 2-3 times;

(03) give the victim activated charcoal (tablets);

(04) give the victim warm tea to drink;

(05) lay down and cover the casualty warmly;

(06) in case of respiratory failure and cardiac arrest, start artificial respiration and external heart massage;

(07) deliver the victim to the first-aid post.

11.4. First aid for poisoning with caustic substances.

11.4.1. In case of poisoning with strong acids (sulfuric, hydrochloric, acetic) and strong alkalis (caustic soda, caustic potassium, ammonia), burns of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and sometimes the stomach occur.

11.4.2. Signs of poisoning are: severe pain in the mouth, pharynx, stomach and intestines, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, general weakness (up to fainting).

11.4.3. In case of acid poisoning, you must:

(01) give the victim inside every 5 minutes a tablespoon of soda solution (2 teaspoons per glass of water) or 10 drops of ammonia diluted in water;

(02) give the victim milk or egg whites shaken in water to drink;

(03) if breathing is disturbed, give artificial respiration;

(04) deliver the victim to the first-aid post.

11.4.4. In case of poisoning with strong caustic alkali, the victim must:

(01) to drink little by little cold water acidified with acetic or citric acid (2 tablespoons of 3% vinegar solution per glass of water);

(02) give inside vegetable oil or egg white shaken with water;

(03) apply mustard plaster to the epigastric region;

(04) deliver the victim to the first-aid post.

12. First aid for fainting, heat and sunstroke

12.1. Fainting is a sudden, short-term loss of consciousness (from a few seconds to a few minutes).

12.1.1. Fainting can occur as a result of: fright, severe pain, bleeding, a sharp change in body position (from horizontal to vertical, etc.).

12.1.2. With fainting, the victim is observed: profuse sweat, cold extremities, weak and frequent pulse, weakened breathing, pallor of the skin.

12.1.3. When providing first aid for fainting, you must:

(01) lay the victim on his back, lower his head, raise his legs;

(02) unfasten clothing and let in fresh air;

(03) wet face with cold water;

(04) bring a cotton swab moistened with a solution of ammonia to the nose;

(05) lightly pat on the cheeks;

(06) after removing the victim from fainting, give the victim strong tea, coffee;

(07) in case of repeated fainting, call for qualified medical assistance;

(08) transport the casualty on a stretcher.

12.2. Heat stroke and sunstroke occur as a result of a significant overheating of the body and, as a result, a significant rush of blood to the brain.

12.2.1. Overheating is facilitated by: elevated ambient temperature, high humidity, waterproof (rubber, tarpaulin) clothing, hard physical work, violation of the drinking regime, etc.

12.2.2. Heat and sunstroke are characterized by: general weakness, feeling hot, redness of the skin, profuse sweating, palpitations (pulse rate 100-120 beats per minute), dizziness, headache, nausea (sometimes vomiting), fever up to 38-40 °C. In severe cases, confusion or complete loss of consciousness, delirium, muscle cramps, respiratory and circulatory disorders are possible.

12.2.3. For heat and sunstroke, you need to:

(01) immediately move the casualty to a cool room;

(02) lay the victim on his back with a pillow under his head (clothing, etc.);

(03) remove or unfasten clothing;

(04) moisten the head and chest with cold water;

(05) put cold packs or ice on the head (forehead, parietal region, occiput), inguinal, subclavian, popliteal, axillary regions (places of concentration of many vessels);

(06) while remaining conscious, give strong cold tea or cold salted water to drink;

(07) in case of respiratory and circulatory disorders, carry out the full range of resuscitation measures (artificial respiration and external heart massage).

13. First aid for pain and convulsive conditions

13.1. For pain in the heart area, helping the victim, you must:

(01) create complete peace;

(02) lay the patient down and raise his head;

(03) give (under the tongue) a tablet of validol, nitroglycerin, sedatives;

(04) urgently call for qualified medical assistance;

(05) if pain persists, carry out transportation on a stretcher.

13.2. For abdominal pain not related to eating or drinking, the first aid provider should:

(01) lay the victim horizontally;

(02) put "cold" on the abdomen;

(03) exclude: physical activity, taking fluids, food by the victim;

(04) urgently call for qualified medical assistance;

(05) in case of severe pain, transport the victim to the first-aid post or medical institution on a stretcher.

13.3. In a seizure (may be accompanied by loss of consciousness, foam on the lips, wheezing, involuntary urination), the first aid provider should:

(01) support the patient's head;

(02) insert a bandage, spoon, etc. into the oral cavity (between the teeth);

(03) free from clothing the area of ​​the neck and chest;

(04) apply a cold compress to the forehead;

(05) after the seizure is over, put the patient in the "on the side" position;

(06) urgently call for qualified medical assistance;

(07) carry out transportation on a stretcher.

14. First aid for drowning

14.1. After removing the victim from the water, the first aid provider must:

(01) put the victim belly down on a bent knee so that the lower part of the chest rests on it, and the upper body and head hang down;

(02) with one hand press on the chin or raise the head (so that the mouth is open) and with vigorous pressure (several times) on the back with the other hand to help remove water;

(03) after stopping the flow of water, lay the victim on his back and clean the mouth;

(04) start artificial respiration;

(05) in the absence of a pulse, dilated pupils, perform an external heart massage;

(06) when breathing occurs, bring a piece of cotton wool soaked in a solution of ammonia to the nose;

(07) when conscious, give the victim a tincture of valerian (20 drops in 1/2 cup water) to drink;

(08) change the victim into dry clothes, give him strong tea;

(09) keep the casualty warm;

(10) provide the victim with complete rest;

(11) call for qualified medical assistance.

15. First aid for bites

15.1. With the bites of poisonous insects and snakes appear: dizziness, nausea, vomiting, dryness and bitter taste in the mouth, rapid pulse, shortness of breath, drowsiness (in especially severe cases, there may be convulsions, loss of consciousness and respiratory arrest).

15.2. Burning pain, redness and swelling of the skin occur at the site of the bite.

15.3. The first aid provider must:

(01) lay the casualty in a horizontal position;

(02) put a sterile dressing on the wound (preferably with ice);

(03) fix the affected limb by bandaging it to a service splint (improvised means) or to the body;

(04) give the victim a large amount of liquid (partially), 15 - 20 drops of valerian tincture in 1/2 cup of water;

(05) for bites from poisonous snakes (especially cobras), in the first minutes, apply a tourniquet to the limb above the bite;

(06) to monitor the condition of the victim;

(07) in severe cases, urgently call for qualified medical assistance;

(08) transport the casualty in the prone position.

15.4. It is forbidden:

(01) cauterize the bite site;

(02) give the victim alcohol;

(03) suck the poison out of the wound.

15.5. The first aid provider for animal bites should:

(01) treat the skin around the wound (scratch) with a solution of iodine tincture;

(02) apply a sterile dressing to the wound;

(03) send (accompany) the victim to a medical facility.

16. Transportation of casualties

16.1. Transportation of the victim should be as quick, safe and gentle as possible.

16.2. Depending on the type of injury and the available means (personnel, improvised), the transportation of the victims can be carried out in different ways, maintenance, carrying out, transportation by transport.

16.3. Transport the wounded up or down should always be head up.

16.4. It is necessary to lay the victim on a stretcher from the side opposite to the injured part of the body.

16.5. When transporting on a stretcher, you must:

(01) ensure that the casualty is in a correct and comfortable position;

(02) so that when carried on the hands, the helpers go "out of step";

(03) lift and place the injured person on the stretcher in concert (on command);

(04) in case of fractures and severe injuries, do not carry the victim to the stretcher on your hands, but place the stretcher under the victim (the fracture site must be supported).

16.6. The correct position of the victims during transportation:

(01) the position "lying on the back" (the victim is conscious). Recommended for wounds of the head, spine, limbs;

(02) position "lying on the back with legs bent at the knees" (put a roller under the knees). Recommended for open wounds of the abdominal cavity, for fractures of the pelvic bones;

(03) the position "lying on the back with the lower limbs raised and the head down". Recommended for significant blood loss and shock;

(04) prone position. Recommended for spinal injuries (unconscious);

(05) "semi-sitting position with outstretched legs". With neck injuries and significant injuries of the upper limbs;

(06) "semi-sitting position with bent legs" (put a roller under the knees). With injuries of the genitourinary organs, intestinal obstruction and other sudden illnesses, injuries of the abdominal cavity and injuries of the chest;

(07) position "on the side". Recommended for severe wounds, when the victims are unconscious;

(08) "sitting position". Recommended for minor injuries of the face and upper limbs.

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