Rights and obligations of citizens in the field of fire safety. Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Free library / Occupational Safety and Health

Rights and obligations of citizens in the field of fire safety. Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Legislative basis for labor protection

Citizens are obliged:

to comply with fire safety requirements;
to have in the premises and buildings owned (used) primary means of extinguishing fires and fire-fighting equipment in accordance with fire safety rules;
if fire is detected, immediately notify the fire department about them;
before the arrival of the fire department to take feasible measures to save people, property and extinguishing fires;
to render assistance to fire protection in fighting fires;
comply with the instructions, resolutions and other legal requirements of fire officials.

Responsibility of officials and other persons for compliance with fire safety is regulated by Art. 38 and 39 of the Federal Law "On Fire Safety", as well as the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and other codes of the Russian Federation. In this case, disciplinary, administrative, material or criminal liability may be imposed. Yes, Art. 219 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for the imposition of a fine from one hundred to two hundred times the minimum wage or imprisonment for various periods, deprivation of the right to hold certain positions for violation of fire safety rules by persons responsible for their implementation, if it caused a fire that caused harm to human health, major damage or other serious consequences.

It also provides for liability for the destruction or damage to property (Articles 167 and 168 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) as a result of careless handling of fire, for violation or non-compliance with fire safety rules at enterprises, institutions, state and other organizations.

In accordance with PPB 01-03, in each organization, an order must establish a regime corresponding to their fire hazard, including:

designated and equipped smoking areas;
the places and the allowable amount of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products at the same time in the premises are determined;
established the procedure for de-energizing electrical equipment in case of fire and at the end of the working day;
the procedure for conducting temporary hot and fire hazardous work has been established;
established the procedure for inspection and closing of premises after completion of work;
the actions of employees upon detection of a fire are determined;
the procedure and terms for passing fire-fighting briefings and classes on the fire-technical minimum were determined, and those responsible for their conduct were appointed.

In all production and administrative, warehouse and auxiliary premises, signs indicating the telephone number of the fire brigade must be posted in prominent places.

The rules for the use of open fire on the territory of enterprises, the passage of vehicles, the permissibility of smoking and carrying out fire hazardous work are established by general facility instructions on fire safety measures.

In buildings and structures (except for residential buildings), with more than 10 people on the floor at a time, plans (schemes) for evacuating people in case of fire should be developed and posted in prominent places, and a system (installation) for warning people about a fire is provided.

Fire extinguishing

Exist classification of fires according to the characteristics of the combustible medium, which is of great practical importance when choosing the types of primary fire extinguishing agents:

class A - combustion of solid substances (wood, paper, textiles, plastics);
class B - combustion of liquid substances;
class C - combustion of gases;
class D - combustion of metals and metal-containing substances;
class E - combustion of electrical installations.

These classes of fires suggest appropriate ways to extinguish them. For example, fire extinguishing agents are used in buildings and structures.

The basic principles and mechanisms for extinguishing fires are discussed above.

RџSЂRё putting out a fire conditionally it is possible to allocate the periods of its localization and liquidation.

Fire is considered localized when:

no threat to people and animals;
there is no threat of explosions and collapses;
fire development is limited;
the possibility of its elimination by the available forces and means is ensured.

Fire is considered liquidated, when:

burning stopped;
prevented its occurrence.

The indicated signs of localization and elimination of a fire must be known to officials of educational institutions in order to make the right decisions in case of fire.

To the main extinguishing agents relate:

water and its solutions;
sand;
chemical and air-mechanical foams;
gases.

Water and its solutions has received the greatest use due to availability, low cost and efficiency with the dominant principle of cooling to stop combustion. It must be borne in mind that unacceptable:

extinguish electrical installations under voltage with water;
use water to extinguish burning oil products;
use water to extinguish chemicals that react with it.

In addition, water has a high surface tension, which makes it difficult to wet solids, especially fibrous ones. This property of water should be taken into account when used on a fire in educational institutions of an internal fire water supply. To reduce the shortcomings of water as the main fire extinguishing agent, various additives are added to it.

Water is also used to create water curtains and cool objects located near the fire. Water mist effectively extinguishes solid materials, flammable and flammable liquids.

sprinkler installations are automatic water extinguishing devices. They are used in heated rooms. Sprinkler installations consist of a system of water pipes laid under the ceiling, into which special heads are screwed (Fig. 10). The head is closed with a valve, which is held in place by low-melting solder. Increasing the temperature to 70-80°C leads to the melting of the solder and the opening of the head, from which water, splashing, enters the fire. One head is installed for every 12 m of room area. When water begins to flow from the sprinkler, a signal appears at the fire station indicating the location of the fire. Sprinkler installations are used for automatic fire extinguishing of buildings and various technological equipment in cases where the use of water and foam is acceptable as a fire extinguishing agent.

Rights and obligations of citizens in the field of fire safety
Fig.10. Sprinkler installation a - installation diagram: 1 - centrifugal pump; 2 - water tank; 3 - feed water supply; 4 - main water supply; 5 - control signal valve; 6 - signaling device; 7 - sprinkler sprinklers; 8 - distribution water supply; b - sprinkler sprinkler: 1 - threaded fitting; 2 - frame with rosette; 3 - diaphragm; 4 - valve; 5 - aperture lock

Deluge installations also represent a piping system, but the heads of these installations, unlike sprinkler ones, are constantly open. Water enters when special valves are activated or when valves are opened manually. Drencher installations are used in open areas, in unheated premises for irrigation of large areas. They are also used to create water curtains.

sand and earth successfully used to extinguish small fires, including spills of combustible liquids (kerosene, gasoline, oils, resins, etc.). Using sand (earth) for extinguishing, you need to bring it in a bucket or on a shovel to the place of burning. By pouring sand mainly along the outer edge of the burning zone, they try to surround the place of combustion with sand, preventing further spreading of the liquid. Then, using a shovel, it is necessary to cover the burning surface with a layer of sand, which will absorb the liquid.

Powder fire extinguishing compositions have a diverse mechanism for stopping combustion, high efficiency and are able to stop burning of almost any class. This determines their widespread use in fire extinguishers. But they have a tendency to caking, so they require periodic shaking as part of fire extinguishers. They can also be used to extinguish electrical installations under voltage.

Carbon dioxide (CO2). Its solid fraction, when used in fire extinguishers, immediately turns into a gas, bypassing the liquid phase. Implements several mechanisms to stop burning, very effective. Recommended for extinguishing electrical installations under voltage; able to stop the combustion of almost all combustible materials, with the exception of metallic sodium, potassium, magnesium and its alloys.

The listed fire extinguishing agents are the main ones when used in educational institutions, although fire departments widely use various foams with unique properties.

When determining the required amount of primary fire extinguishing equipment, the following provisions must be taken into account:

the acquisition of technological equipment with fire extinguishers is carried out in accordance with the requirements of passports for this equipment or the relevant fire safety rules;
it is recommended to select the type and calculate the required number of fire extinguishers depending on their fire extinguishing capacity, the maximum area of the premises, the class of fire and combustible substances;
in public buildings and structures, at least two hand-held fire extinguishers must be placed on each floor;
if there are several small rooms of the same fire hazard category, the number of necessary fire extinguishers is determined taking into account the total area of \uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbthese rooms.

So, PPB 01-03 recommend using either four powder fire extinguishers of the OP-800 brand, or two OP-2, or four OU-5, or two OU-10 for public buildings with an area of 2 m5. It is preferable to use fire extinguishers OP-5 as the most effective in terms of protected areas with the additional placement of fire extinguishers OU-2 (OU-5) in computer classes, i.e. where there are electrical installations under voltage. This approach does not contradict the requirements of the Fire Safety Rules, but strengthens them, taking into account the characteristics of educational institutions.

Buildings of educational institutions have different fire resistance. Old buildings with voids in the wooden building structures of ceilings and interior partitions, as well as buildings with open stairs, have reduced fire resistance. The presence of voids in building structures makes it difficult to detect a fire by automatic means and creates a threat of its hidden spread to other areas.

Usually, old buildings have main open staircases, which significantly reduces their fire safety. They must be separated from adjoining corridors and other premises by fire partitions, since there is always a draft of air (smoke) towards open staircases.

In case of fire, combustion products spread along open stairs to the upper floors of the building, then, forming a smoke zone, go down, filling the floor corridors. For this reason, open stairs to three or more floors cannot be included in the evacuation calculation. Moreover, the blocking of an open staircase by fire hazards leads to the dissection of floor-by-floor corridors and violates the requirement for two emergency exits from each floor. Therefore, it is necessary to additionally discuss with the authorities of the state fire service the danger of each specific building in various fire scenarios.

The results of the fire simulation and the evaluation of the blocking time of the open staircase PFP show the following:

on the 6th and 5th floors it is less than 200 s;
on the 4th floor - about 300 s;
on the 3th floor - about 500 s;
on the 2nd floor - about 800 s.

At the same time, it was found that the time for blocking the evacuation routes of the OFP through open openings in the corridors and stairs can be approximately from 3 to 6 minutes, depending on the location of the fire and the floor, and the estimated evacuation time is from 2 to 5 minutes. This means that in the event of a delay in the signals of the fire detection and warning system, there is a real threat to the lives of people in buildings with low fire resistance. Therefore, decision-making and the implementation of organizational and technical measures to ensure the safety of people require an extremely responsible attitude, especially in educational institutions.

Authors: Volkhin S.N., Petrova S.P., Petrov V.P.

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