Parameters of the microclimate of industrial premises. Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
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Parameters of the microclimate of industrial premises. Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Legislative basis for labor protection

Microclimate of industrial premises - this is the climate of the internal environment of such premises, which is determined by the combinations of composition, temperature, humidity and air velocity acting on the human body, as well as the temperature of the surrounding surfaces.

Meteorological conditions of the working environment (microclimate) affect the process of heat transfer and the nature of the work. Prolonged exposure of a person to unfavorable meteorological conditions sharply worsens health, reduces labor productivity and leads to diseases. When normalizing meteorological conditions in the premises, the time of year and the physical severity of the work performed are taken into account. The season refers to two periods: cold (the average daily outdoor temperature is +10°C and below) and warm (the corresponding value exceeds +10°C). To create favorable working conditions that meet the physiological needs of the human body, sanitary standards establish optimal and acceptable meteorological conditions in the room.

Optimal microclimatic conditions present is a combination of quantitative indicators of the microclimate, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, ensures the preservation of the normal thermal state of his body without straining the mechanisms of thermoregulation. They provide a sense of thermal comfort and create the prerequisites for a high level of performance.

Permissible microclimatic conditions are a combination of quantitative indicators of the microclimate, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, can cause transient and rapidly normalizing changes in the thermal state of his body, accompanied by a strain on the body of thermoregulation that does not go beyond the limits of physiological adaptive capabilities. In this case, there is no deterioration or violation of the state of health, but uncomfortable heat sensations, deterioration in well-being and a decrease in efficiency can be observed.

The composition of atmospheric air includes nitrogen (78,08%), oxygen (20,95%), carbon dioxide (0,03%), argon and other gases (0,94%). Oxygen is essential for human life. When breathing, venous blood entering the lungs is freed from carbon dioxide and enriched with oxygen. In the process of moving through the body, the blood gives oxygen to the tissues and takes away the carbon dioxide formed in them. Gas exchange occurs normally at pressures close to atmospheric. Nitrogen is a physiologically harmless gas. Carbon dioxide is slightly toxic, but dangerous because, by replacing oxygen, it reduces its content in the air. The composition of the air, in addition, includes water vapor, dust and other impurities. Small deviations in the content of these gases, primarily a decrease in the concentration of oxygen and an increase in the content of carbon dioxide, reduce performance, and with significant deviations from the norm, the atmosphere becomes dangerous for human life.

Changes (increase or decrease) have a significant impact on the human body atmospheric pressure. The effect of increased pressure is associated with the mechanical (compression) and physico-chemical effects of the gaseous medium. Optimum diffusion of oxygen into the blood from the gas mixture in the lungs is carried out at an atmospheric pressure of about 760 mm Hg. Art. The penetrating effect at elevated atmospheric pressure can lead to the toxic effect of oxygen and indifferent gases, an increase in the content of which in the blood can cause a narcotic reaction. With an increase in the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs by more than 0,8-1,0 atm. its toxic effect is manifested - damage to the lung tissue, convulsions, collapse. Lowering the pressure has an even more pronounced effect on the body. A significant decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the inhaled air, and then in the alveolar air, blood and tissues in a few seconds leads to loss of consciousness, and after 4-5 minutes to the death of a person. A gradual increase in oxygen deficiency leads to a breakdown in the functions of vital organs, then to irreversible structural changes and death of the body.

A person's well-being depends to a large extent on temperature regime. High air temperature contributes to rapid fatigue, can lead to overheating of the body, heat stroke or occupational disease. Low air temperature can cause local or general cooling of the body, cause colds or frostbite. In this regard, SanPiN 2.4.2.1178-02 "Hygienic requirements for the conditions of education in educational institutions" establishes the permissible temperature of classrooms, classrooms, laboratories of educational institutions (18-20 ° C), gyms, lobbies, corridors (16-18 ° C ).

The well-being of a person is influenced by air humidity. High relative humidity (the ratio of the content of water vapor in 1 m3 of air to their maximum possible content in the same volume) at high air temperatures contributes to overheating of the body, while at low temperatures it enhances heat transfer from the skin surface, which leads to hypothermia of the body. Low humidity causes the mucous membranes of the human respiratory tract to dry out. According to sanitary standards, the permissible humidity in classrooms should be 40-60%.

Important for a person's well-being movement of the surrounding air. It effectively contributes to the heat transfer of the human body and is positively manifested at high temperatures, but negatively at low temperatures. Airing of classrooms during breaks, and recreational rooms - during lessons is carried out by opening vents and transoms, the area of \u1b\u50bwhich should be at least XNUMX/XNUMX of the floor area. Window vents and transoms must function at any time of the year, it is forbidden to hammer them with nails and glue them.

The average speed of air movement in industrial and educational institutions should be 0,2-0,5 m / s in the cold and transitional seasons and 0,5-1,5 m / s in the warm season. A person begins to feel air currents from an air speed of 0,15 m / s.

The above parameters are given for working area, which is understood as a space up to 2 m above the floor level or a platform on which there are places of permanent or temporary stay of a person. Such parameters are considered acceptable for classrooms in educational institutions.

Authors: Volkhin S.N., Petrova S.P., Petrov V.P.

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