Safety at work and in an educational institution. Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Free library / Occupational Safety and Health

Safety at work and in an educational institution. Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Legislative basis for labor protection

Industrial safety

The task of safety is to develop measures and means by which injuries are excluded.

Industrial injuries are characterized by a set of injuries. Injury (wound) is damage to the integrity of tissues or organs of the body caused by some environmental factor. Distinguish between industrial and domestic injuries.

An accident is an incident in which, as a result of external influence, damage to the human body followed or its normal functioning was disrupted (for example, as a result of injury, burns, electric shock).

At work, injuries (accidents) usually occur as a result of a sudden exposure of an employee to any hazardous production factor in the performance of his job duties or tasks of the work manager.

In accordance with the type of impact, injuries are divided into mechanical (bruises, fractures, wounds, etc.), thermal (burns, frostbite, heat strokes), chemical (chemical burns, acute poisoning, suffocation), electrical, combined, etc. (for example, caused by any radiation). In accordance with the scheme for determining the severity of industrial accidents, injuries are divided into two categories: severe and minor.

An occupational disease manifests itself in the gradual deterioration of human health caused by exposure to harmful production factors and, as a result, the occurrence of diseases such as silicosis, pneumoconiosis, hearing loss, eye diseases, skin diseases, etc. There are the following causes of industrial injuries and occupational diseases: technical, organizational and personal.

To technical include the causes caused by the malfunction of machines, mechanisms, fixtures, tools, imperfection of technological processes, lack or imperfection of protective and safety devices, lack of grounding, faulty electrical wiring, deficiencies in lighting, ventilation, heating, as well as noise, vibration, etc.

For organizational reasons include: violation of labor protection standards due to the fault of the administration, lack or insufficient technical supervision, shortcomings in training in safe working methods and briefings on labor protection, violation of the work and rest regime, improper placement of workforce, violations of technological processes, unsatisfactory organization and maintenance of the territory, jobs, etc.

personal reasons include: indiscipline of employees, failure to comply with instructions, orders of the administration, violation of the requirements of labor protection instructions, unauthorized violation of the technological process, etc.

For these reasons, a person can make erroneous actions due to fatigue caused by large physical (static and dynamic) overloads, monotony of work, mental overstrain. Using the recommendations of engineering psychology largely eliminates the influence of the "human factor" on the safety of production processes.

Typically, injuries happen for two or more reasons.

Safety in an educational institution

One of the determining factors for the successful functioning of an educational institution is to ensure the safety of students and the corresponding reduction in injuries among them. At the same time, the issues of organizing work on labor protection and preventing injuries of students and pupils during the educational process are of particular relevance.

The causes of school injuries are different, but they can be conditionally divided into two groups. The first group consists of reasons of an external nature, the second group - reasons that depend directly on the student.

To the first group relate:

insufficient instruction of teaching staff on labor protection;
careless and inattentive attitude of teachers to teaching schoolchildren safe working methods;
insufficient control over compliance with labor protection instructions;
technical reasons (lack of enclosing devices, equipment malfunction, etc.);
untimely and unqualified investigation of the causes of accidents;
poor organization of duty of teachers and students in the school;
shortcomings of educational work in matters of compliance with the rules of conduct, cohesion of the student team;
weak and unsystematic interaction with the parents of students on the prevention of injuries at home and on the street.

to the second group relate:

indiscipline of students;
violation by students of the rules and instructions on labor protection;
psychological and physiological reasons (insufficient attention, weakening of memory, illness, fatigue associated with the weakening of self-control by students of their activities).

School injury statistics indicates that the largest number of injuries (63% of the total) were received by students during breaks. This suggests that one of the most common causes of school injuries is the low level of organization and maintenance of order in educational institutions. Injuries received in physical education lessons account for 16%, in sports classes - 17%, in other lessons - 4%.

Accidents and injuries of children are the second most frequent visits to the ambulance station (16,9%). Of these, 53% are bruises, sprains, dislocations, 14% are eye injuries, 12% are burns, and 7,5% are fractures of limb bones and poisoning. Boys are 1,5 times more affected than girls.

The reasons for the increase in the number of domestic and street injuries among students are different. On the one hand, these are unsatisfactory socio-economic living conditions and the insufficient work of city special services, on the other hand, ineffective pedagogical work on educating the skills of a culture of student behavior.

In addition to child injuries, there are accidents among the teaching and technical staff of educational institutions, for example, injuries received:

physical education teachers in the classroom during the demonstration of exercises, techniques, while playing outdoor games with children;
during the movement of workers along the flights of stairs between floors;
due to the fall of heavy objects on workers;
due to the fall of workers from chairs while moving posters, tables, etc.;
when opening and closing doors due to incorrect position of the hands of workers, etc.

An analysis of the causes of injury shows that most accidents involve:

in violation of the rules for operating the equipment:
with insufficient control over the creation of healthy and safe working conditions in classrooms, offices, workshops by educational authorities, heads of institutions;
with the involvement of poorly trained in the field of labor protection educational and pedagogical personnel:
with violations of labor and production discipline.

According to the main legislative document in the field of education - the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" (Article 51, clause 1.7) "An educational institution creates conditions that guarantee the protection and strengthening of the health of students and pupils. Responsibility for creating the necessary conditions for study, work and recreation of students , pupils of an educational institution are carried by the officials of the educational institution in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Charter of this educational institution.

Labor protection at school should be organized in such a way as to preclude possible adverse consequences of the educational process. The measures taken to comply with the requirements of the rules and instructions should be of a preventive, preventive nature. Compliance with the requirements of safety rules by school teachers, head of classrooms and school leaders is a prerequisite for organizing safe and healthy working conditions for employees, as well as for conducting classes with students in educational workshops, chemistry, physics, electrical engineering, biology, sports halls and in the process of other educational activities.

In connection with the need for constant concern for improving working conditions, creating an environment that excludes industrial injuries and occupational diseases in educational institutions, comprehensive plans have been developed to improve labor protection conditions and sanitary and recreational measures. These plans include next activities:

bringing buildings, structures, machine tools, mechanisms and other equipment into a condition that meets established standards;
normalization of sanitary and hygienic working conditions;
a systematic decrease in the number of workers employed in hazardous industries or heavy physical labor;
improvement of sanitary premises and devices;
improving the quality of labor protection training.

General injury prevention activities include organizational and technical, general sanitary and individual protective measures.

Organizational and technical measures include measures to prevent accidents, measures to prevent diseases at work, as well as measures to improve general working conditions.

To accident prevention measures educational institutions include:

constant administrative and public control of the state of safety:
four-stage at the university (first stage - heads of laboratories, masters together with trade union activists of divisions; second - head of the research institute, heads of departments; third - deans, chief mechanic, power engineer, public inspector of labor protection of the faculty; fourth - vice-rectors, chairman of the trade union committee, heads of services);
three-stage at school (teachers, heads of classrooms, workshop, director of the school);
logging: briefings, periodic inspections of equipment, grounding, insulation control, etc.;
drawing up reports on the tests carried out for the possibility of further operation of protective equipment, instruments, tools, equipment;
rational arrangement of equipment to improve labor safety;
providing employees with the necessary technical documentation;
inspection, painting and testing of mechanisms and machine tools;
analysis of traumatism cases in order to exclude their recurrence in the future;
installation of additional safety and protective devices, interlocks, backup safety equipment on production equipment;
mechanization of cleaning of industrial premises, cleaning and wiping of lighting fittings, windows, ventilation installations;
the use of automatic light and sound alarms that ensure safe working conditions;
production and use of safety signs.

Measures to prevent diseases at work relate:

conducting a preliminary medical examination of applicants for work and periodic medical examinations of students (students), teachers, masters and laboratory assistants;
maintenance of working and amenity premises in proper sanitary condition;
timely repair of buildings and equipment;
creation of classrooms, corners, traveling exhibitions on labor protection, the acquisition of manuals for them, demonstration equipment;
improving the work of first-aid posts;
the use of devices to reduce noise, vibration;
effective ventilation device.

Measures for the general improvement of working conditions are:

introduction of mechanization, automation in order to reduce the labor intensity of production processes;
improvement of natural and artificial lighting (installation of additional lamps, lamps);
floor insulation, installation of thermal curtains in buildings;
reconstruction and re-equipment of canteens, laundries, workshops for the repair of overalls and special footwear, installations for carbonating water, rest rooms;
equipment of places and areas allocated for industrial gymnastics, physical culture and health work;
providing employees with instructions on labor protection and industrial sanitation;
conducting training on labor protection and checking the knowledge of employees in this area.

For community events relate:

establishment of a rational mode of work and rest;
medical care for teachers, students, schoolchildren, sanatorium treatment;
equipping sanitary facilities, providing soap and other necessary detergents, therapeutic and preventive nutrition and milk;
equipment of workplaces with first-aid kits.

In addition, the following individual protective measures:

everyone who is employed in work with harmful working conditions, in work in special temperature conditions or associated with pollution, is provided with special clothing, footwear and other personal protective equipment;
all employees of departments, laboratories and other departments are provided with job descriptions and memos on labor protection;
individual training of employees in safety rules is carried out with the issuance of certificates for the right to carry out work: briefings, conversations, lectures, courses on labor protection are conducted; workplaces are supplied with posters on labor protection.

Prevention of occupational diseases and poisoning is achieved by the implementation of a whole range of technical and organizational measures aimed at improving the condition of workplaces and work areas, including:

ensuring normal meteorological conditions of the production environment when designing industrial buildings;
elimination of the harmful effects of dust and toxic substances;
elimination or reduction of noise and vibration in production;
sufficient lighting device;
the use of personal protective equipment (glasses, masks, shields, respirators, overalls, safety shoes).

Authors: Volkhin S.N., Petrova S.P., Petrov V.P.

We recommend interesting articles Section Occupational Safety and Health:

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