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Fundamentals of the organization of rescue and other urgent work (SIDNR)

The consequences of exposure to damaging factors during emergencies in peacetime or wartime can be very diverse. The S&D in the affected areas will take place in a difficult environment, in conditions of complete and severe destruction, complete blockages, fires, contamination and flooding. Such work is carried out by civil defense units, civil defense formations of all types, as well as in cooperation with the army. At the same time, the main efforts are directed to providing assistance to the victims and their evacuation; to localize or eliminate situations that threaten people's lives; to eliminate damage that impedes the conduct of the C&D; to create conditions for restoration work. Rescue and emergency work have different content, but must be carried out simultaneously.

Rescue work includes: conducting reconnaissance of routes for the advancement of formations and areas of work in the focus of destruction assigned to the formation; localization and extinguishing of fires; search for the victims and their extraction from the rubble, damaged or burning buildings, smoky premises; opening destroyed, littered and damaged protective structures and rescuing people from them, supplying air to them; providing first aid to the victims and evacuating them to medical institutions; the withdrawal of the population from dangerous places through existing or completed passages; sanitization of people and disinfection of their clothes and shoes; disinfection of the area, equipment and property.

The implementation of urgent work includes: laying of column tracks, arrangement of passages in the rubble and in contaminated areas; localization of accidents on public utility and technological networks; strengthening or collapse of structures that threaten to collapse or interfere with the safe performance of work; repair or temporary restoration of damaged protective structures for their reuse.

The S&D is organized and carried out in the shortest possible time, continuously, under any climatic conditions, day and night until they are fully completed. This requires organization from the leadership, headquarters and services of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations, and from the personnel - high moral and psychological stamina, mobilization of all forces and physical endurance. Successful implementation of the SIDNR is achieved by: timely organization and continuous exploration; the creation of a grouping of forces and means of civil defense; rapid advancement of formations to the work site; active participation of the population in the implementation of the DNR, the ability to provide first aid to the injured; management by the heads of civil defense at all levels of the activities of subordinates at all stages of work; organization and maintenance of continuous interaction between governing bodies, formations and other forces of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations.

The grouping of civil defense forces for the organized conduct of the DPR is created in advance by decision of the corresponding head of the civil defense. The composition and formation of the group are specified during the development of an emergency in accordance with the current situation, the availability and condition of the remaining forces and means, as well as the amount of work that needs to be done in the focus of the lesion.

The grouping of civil defense forces includes objective and territorial formations, reconnaissance formations and military units of the civil defense. The grouping of civil defense forces is composed of several echelons of formations and a reserve. Formations that are part of the echelon are distributed among shifts in compliance with the integrity of their organizational structure and production principle. The grouping of civil defense forces is created by withdrawing formations to the suburban zone on special instructions. Typically, such a grouping consists of reconnaissance units, a movement support detachment (OOD), two or three echelons, and a reserve. Echelons are created to expand the front of work, build up efforts in certain areas, change formations working in the focus of destruction, a reserve - to build up efforts and to solve unforeseen tasks.

Formations are withdrawn to the areas of location established by the civil defense plans and are placed in populated areas or in the field on terrain that meets certain requirements for ensuring protection and security. At the same time, the formations must maintain their organizational structure and integrity. At the location of the formation, defense defense systems are built for the personnel of the formation, the population and equipment, the possibility of rest, favorable sanitary and epidemic conditions are provided. Conditions must be created for the rapid assembly of the formation, there must be ways for it to advance to the objects of work or the place of assembly, the deployment of radiation and chemical reconnaissance posts, as well as opportunities for logistics.

The formation is put on alert by order of the chief. Full readiness is such a state of formation in which it is able to start fulfilling the assigned tasks in a timely manner and successfully complete them in any conditions of the situation. Alert signals must be reliably communicated to performers. On the "Air Raid" signal, the personnel of the formation immediately take cover in a protective structure or in terrain folds (ravines, beams, ditches) until the "Air Raid End" signal. After the end of the air raid, at the command of the commander of the formation, the personnel leave the ZS GO and perform the assigned tasks. The notification of the formation about any type of infection and the order of behavior in this case is carried out by the corresponding GO signals. If an infection is detected in the area of ​​operations of the formation, its commander independently decides to give the appropriate signal and immediately reports this on command.

The advancement of the formation to the focus of destruction is carried out as part of a common column of forces of the district defense area or independently. First of all, tasks are assigned to intelligence and formations that are part of the OOD. The reconnaissance is indicated what data and by what time it is necessary to report, and the traffic support detachment - the composition, route, time for passing the initial line and control lines, what tasks it must solve, as well as the procedure for performing these tasks. Moving along the specified route, based on intelligence data, the OOD restores destroyed sections of roads, lays columned tracks bypassing blockages, destruction, fires, and zones with high levels of contamination; restores crossings or equips fords, provides passages through rubble, localizes or extinguishes fires, strengthens or collapses structures that threaten to collapse. Thus, the OOD ensures the timely advancement of the civil defense forces to the foci of destruction. The main forces of the civil defense in this direction are being advanced behind the OOD. The head of the GO OE sets the task for the commander of the corresponding formation and indicates the composition of the shifts, the order of promotion and change of his formation. The chief of staff of the GO OE organizes observation, notification and communication, monitors the implementation of all orders given by the head of the GO OE.

The commander of the formation sends reconnaissance, sets tasks for subordinates and organizes the movement of the column. Reconnaissance should timely and reliably clarify the extent to which traffic is hindered along the route of advancing to the affected area, identify places of destruction of roads and road structures, dams and dams. If necessary, detour routes are determined. When inspecting bridges, their carrying capacity is determined after exposure to damaging factors (the condition of supports, beams, places of welded or other joints, the presence of cracks).

The formation of the OE for the march is lined up in a marching column. The order of building a column depends on the actual situation on the route and in the lesion. Being at the head of the column, the commander of the formation, using signal means or radio, maintains constant communication and manages the formation and attached means, controls the timeliness of passing control points. In the event of a change in the situation on the route, he immediately reports to the head of the GO OE, informs attached formations and neighboring ones.

Entering formations into the lesion. Reconnaissance formations are the first to enter the lesion site. Their main goal is to determine the degree of destruction of buildings, protective structures, utility networks, the presence of fires, the level of radiation and the likelihood of contamination with AHOV, places filled with entrances to the ZS GO. The reconnaissance formation is equipped with RHR devices. The conditions and sequence of work performance, their approximate volume and methods for the most efficient use of equipment are assessed.

To find the places of entrances to the littered defensive structures, signs, inscriptions, preserved landmarks, as well as a scheme for linking the AP GO on the ground are used.

When inspecting damaged buildings, an external detour is made: the condition of walls and structures, the probability of collapse of parts of the structure and neighboring buildings, the condition of the places on which prefabricated structures are based, welds and riveted joints are specified. When inspecting protective structures, the condition of entrances and air intakes is first established. Using the plan of the shelter, determine the places for the most convenient opening. Based on these data, an approximate scope of work, an approximate need for forces and means are established. Particular attention is drawn to the state of OE elements with explosive and flammable substances. Based on reconnaissance data, the units distribute areas of work in the focus of destruction, commanders determine the sequence, methods and methods for performing the DNR depending on the situation, the nature of the destruction, damage to utility and energy and technological networks, the levels and densities of infection, the nature and intensity of fires. These steps will be updated as the work progresses.

Burning buildings pose a great danger to people. When examining them, it is necessary to act quickly and strictly observe security measures. Doors should be opened carefully, crawling through heavily smoky rooms, using an insulating device or a filtering gas mask with an additional cartridge. It is necessary to take measures to extinguish burning or smoldering debris, as they release carbon monoxide, which leads to poisoning of people.

To extract people from under the blockage, they use the dismantling of the blockage from above, the construction of galleries, and the punching of openings in the wall. First of all, the head and chest, shoulders, legs of the victim are released, then they provide him with medical care and take him out of the danger zone.

The main way to localize accidents and damages in public utilities and technological networks is to turn off damaged sections in buildings. For this, locking devices, various kinds of valves in manholes and in basements are used. Low-pressure gas pipes in places of rupture or cut are sealed with wooden plugs and coated with raw clay, or clamps are applied to the cracks using a soft substrate (sheet rubber, tarpaulin). In case of gas ignition, it is necessary to reduce the pressure in the system, and extinguish the flame itself with sand, earth, moistened with a tarpaulin. All work is carried out in insulating gas masks. Fire and explosion-proof lamps are used to illuminate the work site.

Accidents on power networks are eliminated after their reliable de-energization and grounding of wires at the place of repair. Trained specialists with a permit to work with electrical equipment are allowed to work. Restoration of damaged sections of overhead lines is carried out by connecting wires, restoring supports (through water barriers on rafts) or laying new lines. Damaged sections of cable lines are connected by a temporary overhead line or by laying a connecting cable bypassing the damaged section on the surface of the earth, ensuring its safety.

Accidents on sewer networks are eliminated by disconnecting damaged areas and draining wastewater into lowlands or adjacent sewerage wells. To turn off the destroyed section of the sewer network, the pipes are closed with wooden plugs, shields, plugs. In case of emergency work on process pipelines, first of all, it is necessary to disconnect them from sources of harmful products entering the pipeline, and then turn off the pumps that maintain pressure in it. The work must be carried out by trained professionals.

Structures that threaten to collapse are collapsed or temporarily strengthened. Caving can be done with a winch or a tractor. The length of the rope must be at least two times the height of the collapsed structure. Can be demolished. Walls with a height of less than 6 m are fastened by installing wooden or metal braces, and from 6 to 9 m - by installing double braces in each pier of the building.

In the focus of chemical damage, first of all, assistance is provided to people who are left in the open area without protective equipment and are affected. Then they are divided into groups and evacuated from OChKhP to medical institutions. The focus of chemical damage is cordoned off, and the combined team of PR and PCP disinfects the area, transport, buildings, as well as sanitizes people. Rescuers should be trained in how to put gas masks on the injured, especially children, and how to use antidotes. When performing work, they must be able to use the signs installed on the ground.

After the shift, the completion of the SIDNR or the set of a given dose of radiation, the rescuers as part of the formation are sent to special processing points, which are deployed in uncontaminated areas that meet regulatory requirements.

The duration of one shift is limited to a certain time due to physical fatigue, the need to eat and rest. The shift order is determined by the head of the GO OE. To ensure the continuity of the rescue work, the performers are changed directly at the workplace - sometimes even with the transfer of deployed equipment to the arriving personnel.

During the shift, the commander of the formation to be replaced is in charge. He meets the commander of the replacement formation at the line of entry and brings the situation to him. Then both commanders establish the order of change and conduct reconnaissance. Specified: places of rescue operations; the degree of damage to the elements of the OE, RCB, the situation, the amount of work performed and to be performed. Particular attention is paid to the condition of people trapped in rubble and blocked protective structures, the threat of the spread of fires, epidemics, explosive, smoke and the possibility of flooding. After that, the commander of the formation, who arrived for the shift, sets tasks on the ground for the commanders of his units.

After decontamination at the Special Processing Point (PuSO), the readiness of the formation to perform new tasks is restored: PPE, instruments, equipment and fixtures are replaced or repaired. Equipment is being repaired, its maintenance is carried out, and the spent material resources are replenished.

Formation management during the S&D consists in the purposeful activity of commanders and staffs to ensure that the formation fulfills all the assigned tasks in any situation. The following requirements are imposed on management: high constant readiness of the entire system, reliability, flexibility, continuity, high quality and efficiency in work, secrecy, stability. Reliability of management is ensured by the ability of chiefs at all levels to persistently implement the decisions made, to maintain organization in the work of the management system. The flexibility of management lies in the ability of the boss to clarify or change his decision when the situation changes. Continuity, stability of management largely depend on the functioning of the communication system with all subdivisions, higher civil defense bodies, with attached funds and neighboring formations. The work of the department depends on the timely collection of reliable data on the situation in the emergency area.

The commander bears full responsibility for the control of the formations subordinate to him and the fulfillment of the assigned tasks in any conditions. Management is carried out by issuing orders and instructions by commands or signals. In the event of a loss of communication, measures are immediately taken to restore it, reconnaissance of all types is intensified and actions are organized in accordance with the tasks and plans set earlier.

Ensuring work to eliminate the consequences of emergencies. Ensuring the maintenance of the SIDNR is planned in advance by the relevant services and is carried out by the headquarters on the basis of the order of the head of the GO OE. The main types of support are: protection from damaging factors of people and elements of the object; material; fire fighting, engineering; technical; transport; medical. The provision is carried out in the initial area, areas of accommodation of resting shifts, dispersal of OE personnel, on traffic routes and in the lesions. Uninterrupted support of formations is carried out in order to obtain data on the situation, reduce the impact of damaging factors and create acceptable conditions for performing rescue operations.

Material support consists in the organization and implementation of the timely and complete supply of the formation with equipment, means of protection, communications, instruments, and other property for the implementation of the SIDNR and the solution of civil defense tasks. For material support, state and commercial bodies of trade and public catering, logistics, and household services are involved, stocks of material resources stored at the facilities are used. Full responsibility for material support lies with the commander of the formation, and it is carried out by a support group or centrally mobile units (for example, a mobile gas station). The commander of the formation, by his order, determines the procedure for providing hot food, refueling equipment, and transporting materiel. Eating in open areas is allowed when the radiation level is less than 5 R/h. Otherwise - on sites or in special rooms that meet these requirements.

Fire-fighting and engineering support are decisive in the implementation of the S&D.

The machines and mechanisms used in this case can be divided into groups:

For dismantling and clearing blockages; lifting, moving goods: excavators, tractors, bulldozers, cranes and lifting mechanisms.

Mobile sawmills, motor and electric saws, fellers, skidders.

Pneumatic tools with a mobile compressor station: drills and jackhammers, drill rods, drill bits, air hoses. A drill hammer (manual puncher) is used for drilling holes in the walls and ceilings of protective structures. A jackhammer is used to dismantle walls and make holes to ensure that people can be led out of a collapsed protective structure through them.

Power tools (boring and jackhammers) with a mobile power station.

Motor tools: drilling and jackhammers.

Equipment for cutting metals: kerosene cutters, gasoline cutters (Table 10.1).

Mechanisms for pumping water (pumps, motor pumps) (Table 10.2).

Means of field water supply (extraction and purification of water).

Fire fighting equipment.

Means of small-scale mechanization (winches, blocks, jacks, levers, devices for lifting loads to a low height).

Table 10.1. Characteristics of the K-51 kerosene cutter when using a certain number of the inner mouthpiece

Table 10.2. Performance of some pumps

Technical support is organized to maintain all types of equipment in good condition and ready for immediate performance of work. The tasks of technical support are: organization of evacuation and current repair of equipment, supply of spare parts of all types and repair materials, maintenance of machines. The formation includes a mobile repair and restoration group, which, when performing a march, is included in the closing group.

Transport support allows you to transport heavy equipment to the lesion site. For this, heavy-duty trailers with tractors are used. This also includes trailers of all kinds for the delivery of goods and their movement.

Medical support is organized to maintain the health and performance of the personnel of the formations, timely assistance to the injured and sick, their evacuation, treatment and return to duty, as well as to prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases.

Evaluation of objects on which it is necessary to carry out S&D

When eliminating solid blockages, it is advisable to clear the carriageway of the street to the ground only if the height of the blockage does not exceed 0,5 m. Such a layer can be moved in 2-3 passes of a bulldozer. If the height of the blockage is greater, then temporary passages will have to be laid along the top of the blockage, leveling its surface. Since there are large fragments of structures in the rubble, it is advisable to use several bulldozers when laying passages along the top of the rubble: up to two powerful ones (based on the T-140, T-180, DET-250 tractors) and up to six medium power (based on the T-tractors -100, S-100). Powerful bulldozers create a passage, and medium-sized bulldozers are already re-equipping it for the movement of wheeled vehicles. Maneuverable and high-performance wheeled excavators (E-305, EO-3322), scrapers with pneumatic-wheel tractors and cranes with a lifting capacity of 6 ... 16 tons based on MAZ-200, URAL-375, KRAZ vehicles are introduced into the traffic support units -257.

Bulldozers on the basis of T-100 tractors with hydraulic drive can be used to arrange passages to littered shelters. Such a bulldozer will make a short passage for wheeled vehicles in one pass. Beams, blocks of masonry, large fragments that interfere with work are removed from the rubble with the help of bulldozers, rooters, rippers, tractors equipped with load-handling devices, truck cranes. For cutting fittings and metal structures, kerosene and gasoline cutters or portable devices for gas-flame cutting of metals (PURS-3, PGU-3, RU) are used.

When opening a littered shelter, they first clear the blockage at the outer wall, tear off a pit and punch an opening in the wall of the shelter. For this, a set of machines is used: a bulldozer clears the top layer of the blockage, prepares a site for deploying an excavator, then an excavator equipped with load-handling devices digs a pit. Now you can make an opening in the wall of the shelter, sufficient for the withdrawal of people, using jackhammers and concrete breakers from a compressor or power station, walk-behind tractor.

To supply air to protective structures, it may be sufficient to use a truck crane (clearing space for a drilling rig) and a drilling rig to punch a hole in the ceiling or a compressor unit for direct air supply. As an example, consider the task assigned to the bulldozer-excavator group: to dig out the heads of four emergency exits with a solid blockage height of 2,5 m. Two exits are located under a precast concrete building, and two are under a brick building. The work is carried out at night, the radiation level is 0,5 R/h. According to the tables [46], we determine that under the given conditions, one bulldozer, one kerosene cutter and three rescuers are required to excavate one head. Estimated time of work is 1,5 hours. The calculation shows that a total of 4 bulldozers, 4 kerosene cutters and two units of rescuers are needed. But the work is carried out at night, so a coefficient of 1,3 is introduced and the passage will already take almost 2 hours, and since the radiation level is 0,5 R/h, the coefficient for the performance of work is not introduced.

No less responsible is the interaction with the formations of the fire service. This is where intelligence plays a huge role. First of all, it establishes fire hazardous elements, the boundaries of solid fires and hazardous smoke zones, possible boundaries for localization, determines the number of burning objects and the need for rescue operations.

Organization of the protection of personnel of formations. Massive destruction, fires, blockages at facilities, damage to utilities and energy networks, contamination of any kind make it necessary for rescuers to strictly comply with safety measures and comply with radiation protection regimes when performing SIDNR. Particular attention must be paid to the implementation of the safety measures set out in the operating instructions for the equipment used. Before starting work in the lesion, buildings are carefully inspected to identify dangerous and damaged places. It is not allowed for people to enter destroyed buildings or stay near buildings that threaten to collapse. When performing work at height, safety equipment (ropes, belts, carabiners) must be used. At least two people must work at the same time. It is not allowed to work one by one in the rubble. The device of manholes without their fastening is forbidden.

When working on water, sewer and gas networks, rescuers must be provided with insulating or hose gas masks. Work in gassed areas can also be performed in filter gas masks, but using special boxes or additional cartridges. The polluted area must be cordoned off. It is forbidden to use open fire, smoke here; work must be done manually with a special (non-sparking) tool. If there is no such tool, then you need to generously lubricate the usual tool with grease.

When carrying out SIDNR in conditions of poor visibility, lighting of the work site, designation of dangerous places (dug pits, zones of possible collapses) is organized.

All work on the territory contaminated with radioactive substances must be carried out using PPE. Without a command, you can not take off PPE, eat, drink, smoke. Do not touch open areas of the body with gloves. It is necessary to ensure the implementation of the established regime of radiation protection.

Special processing. In the focus of the lesion, people, objects, terrain, food may be contaminated. To exclude damage to people, it is necessary to carry out special treatment, which is an integral part of the elimination of the consequences of emergencies. Special processing can be partial or complete.

Partial special treatment includes partial sanitization of people, partial decontamination, degassing or disinfection of PPE and equipment without interrupting tasks and without involving special units, that is, on their own.

Complete special treatment includes: complete sanitization of people; decontamination, decontamination or disinfection of equipment, property, clothing, footwear, buildings. The implementation of the special treatment should allow people to operate without protective equipment.

Disinfection of vehicles and equipment is carried out at equipment decontamination stations deployed on the basis of car repair enterprises, as well as at special washing sites deployed in the field using mobile vehicles. If formations operate jointly with civil defense units, then their special processing is carried out at PuSO. Such points are deployed by special units using appropriate technical means. When deploying PuSO, degassing-shower cars are used. To drain polluted water, drainage channels leading to a catchment tank (well) are torn off.

People who arrived at the waiting area of ​​the sanitation point (Fig. 10.1), through the CRP (control and distribution point), after measuring the infestation by the dosimetrist, handing over documents and valuables (workplace 7), go to the dressing room (2), then to the washing room ( 3). When leaving the washing department after the auxiliary room (4), people are again subjected to dosimetric control (b) and, if there are places of increased contamination, they are re-treated or sheared. At an acceptable level of infection, they dress, receive documents and valuables (5). If necessary, you can get additional clothes (9) and get an examination by a doctor (10). Fully equipped people depart to the collection area. The used water flows through the outlet channels (8) into special containers (7) in order to prevent pollution of the area and water bodies.

Rice. 10.1. Ensuring the implementation of special processing of people, equipment and property: a - sanitation point; b - disinfection site; c - area for decontamination of clothes and shoes; g - disinfection and shower installation DDP

Decontamination - removal of RS from contaminated surfaces and from water - is carried out if the degree of contamination of the surface exceeds the MPC. Decontamination (partial or complete) is carried out in the following ways:

• mechanical - removal of RV by sweeping, shaking, blowing off; removing a layer of soil or applying a layer of uncontaminated soil;
• physical - removal of RV with a stream of water, wiping with a solvent, filtering the contaminated liquid or distilling it;
• physico-chemical - removal of RV, most firmly associated with the infected surface, washing with solvent liquids, and sometimes even removing the top layer (color); treatment with a gas-liquid or vapor-emulsion jet; washing; water purification by special ion-exchange filtration.

RA dust is effectively removed with special solutions based on powders SF-2, SF-2U, preparations OP-7, OP-10, acids and alkalis. The contaminated area is watered with a fixing composition (latex, oil sludge), as a result of which a film is formed with RV fixed on it, which is easy to remove with a bulldozer (grader) to an uncontaminated layer (approximately 10 cm deep).

Soil collected in this way is temporarily stored in containers and then buried at a landfill. For very severe infections, radio-controlled robots are used. It is advisable to decontaminate the internal and external surfaces of buildings without the use of large amounts of water. The main characteristics of decontaminating agents and the consumption of materials during decontamination are given in Table. 10.3, 10.4.

Decontamination of the interior should begin from the ceiling, then the walls and equipment are processed. The floor is washed last with warm water and soap or a 3% soda solution. Wells are decontaminated by repeatedly pumping water out of them and removing soil from the bottom, and a layer of contaminated soil 20 cm thick is removed within a radius of 10 m from the well.

Degassing is the decomposition of organic matter into non-toxic products and their removal from surfaces. Produced with the help of special technical means (anti-chemical packages, devices, kits, watering machines), water, solvents, detergents. Perform partial and complete degassing. The contaminated surface is treated with a degassing solution N 1 or N 2 (depending on the type of agent). In the absence of these solutions, solvents or detergents (washing powders) are used, but they do not disinfect, but only wash off the OM. More often, chemical (watering, scattering) or mechanical (cutting off the infected layer) methods are used.

Table 10.3. Main characteristics of decontaminating solutions

Name and percentage of the solution*Method of preparing the solution

Notes. 1. Composition OP-7, OP-10 - thick viscous liquid or brown paste, soluble in warm water.

2. Sodium hexametaphosphate is a solid vitreous mass or individual colorless pieces, moderately soluble in water.

3. In the absence of compounds, soap, soda, washing powders are used.

Table 10.4. Consumption of materials and time spent during decontamination

Disinfection is the destruction of pathogens of infectious diseases. There are preventive, current and final disinfection. Preventive disinfection is carried out constantly with the use of detergents and cleaners. With an increase in the number of diseases, current disinfection is carried out - sanitary and hygienic measures are carried out, the disinfection of hazardous objects and secretions (faeces, urine, sputum).

The final disinfection in the focus is carried out after the hospitalization (or death) of the last contagious patient by a special team. Disinfection is carried out by chemical, physical, mechanical or combined methods. Estimated consumption rates for degassing (disinfectant) compositions are given in Table. 10.5.

Table 10.5. Consumption of degassing (disinfecting) substances

When performing work on the special treatment of people, clothing, equipment, property, buildings and terrain, special attention must be paid to the preparation of the site for the performance of work, the isolation of contaminated waste and effluents.

Authors: Grinin A.S., Novikov V.N.

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