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The stability of the functioning of economic objects and their life support. Basics of safe life

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Of decisive importance for the life of any state is its economy, that is, the country must ensure the development of the economy in peacetime and maintain it during the period of hostilities.

A highly developed economy allows in peacetime and wartime to solve the main tasks:

• provide all types of armed forces with modern weapons and ammunition, equipment and vehicles, instruments, means of communication and control, fuel and lubricants;
• to carry out the development of new models of equipment and weapons;
• transfer in a short time the work of industry, transport and other branches to the fulfillment of wartime plans;
• repair military equipment and vehicles;
• meet the needs of the population for wartime;
• support production according to wartime plans;
• carry out restoration work at the facilities in the shortest possible time.

The destruction of the economy of the enemy has always been the goal of the belligerents, but the means of waging both world wars did not provide a solution to this problem. Preserving the country's economy at the present time, in the presence of nuclear missile weapons of enormous destructive power and accuracy, can be helped by passive defense with the qualitative implementation of organizational, technological and engineering measures of civil defense in large cities and at important (categorized) objects.

In peacetime, stocks of material resources are created in all countries (from ferrous and non-ferrous metals, timber to raw materials). In Russia, both before and now, such reserves are actively involved in the production cycle. At present, many OEs have used up these reserves by 50-75% due to the breakdown of ties with suppliers after the collapse of the USSR, that is, mobilization reserves turned out to be one of the main sources of emergency assistance for our industry, agriculture and all types of transport.

Great attention is paid to the creation and preservation of state strategic stocks of raw materials and materials in the USA. If by 1939 the value of such reserves was 70 million dollars, then in 1951 - 2,1 billion dollars, and in 1962 - 8,7 billion dollars. By the beginning of the 90s, their value had reached 10 billion dollars. Work on the creation of strategic reserves is controlled by the US Congress, and their use is authorized personally by the president of the country. Up to a third of the bases for storing strategic stocks belong to the US Department of Defense. In addition, the United States, in cooperation with a number of other countries, accumulates and stores significant volumes of petroleum products, which in 1991 amounted to 600 million barrels worth $20 billion.

There is no doubt that even the most steadfast army will be defeated if it is not sufficiently armed, equipped with everything necessary, trained. Examples of this can be found in the Great Patriotic War, when, thanks to the selfless labor in the rear (of women, the elderly and children), our army was able to defeat the well-functioning war machine of Nazi Germany. Home front workers ensured the annual production of up to 27 aircraft, 000 tanks, over 24 guns. At the same time, it should be remembered that the volume of Lend-Lease deliveries was: aircraft - 000%, tanks - 111%, guns - 000%.

From war to war, the need for resources increases. If during the Second World War, up to 20 kg of material resources were spent daily for each US soldier, now, in peacetime, the daily need for a NATO soldier is 40 kg, and the range of army supplies reaches 4 million items. The launch of one Tomahawk cruise missile costs 30 million dollars, and one anti-aircraft guided missile of the Patriot complex costs 1 million dollars. bases, groupings of troops, airfields, communication centers), but also for large settlements. The production of sophisticated equipment (each gram of it has become more expensive than a gram of gold) and ammunition also requires huge expenditures (Table 9.1).

Civil defense is part of nationwide defense measures, therefore, passive defense issues are resolved at the nationwide level and in all production links of the national economy in peacetime and wartime.

At each OE, a huge amount of work is carried out in advance, including the following activities:

• organizational, which provide for planning the actions of the personnel of the headquarters, services and formations of the GO OE in an emergency;
• technological, carried out to increase the stability of the functioning of the OE by introducing a technological regime that excludes the occurrence of secondary damaging factors;
• engineering, which should provide an increase in the resistance of OE elements to any damaging factors. Of the entire complex of works indicated, they are of particular importance.

Table 9.1. Rise in the cost of military equipment

The stability of a technical system is understood as its ability to maintain operability in case of an emergency impact, that is, the stability of the operation of the OE should be understood as its ability to produce the established types of products in the volumes and range provided for by plans for emergency situations. For objects not related to the production of material assets (transport, communications, power lines), sustainability is determined by their ability to perform their functions in emergency situations.

In this regard, the following concepts are distinguished:

• the stability of the functioning of the national economy of the country as a whole is the ability to ensure the vital activity of the state, the production of products (industrial and agricultural), the operation of energy, transport, and communications in wartime;
• the stability of the functioning of the sector of the national economy in the conditions of the destruction of part of its facilities and the partial disruption of production relations is the ability to produce basic products in the planned volume in emergency situations;
• the stability of the OE is the ability of its entire complex, that is, buildings, equipment, warehouses, communications, transport, to withstand the destructive effect of damaging factors;
• the stability of the operation of the OE is its ability in emergency situations to produce products in the planned volume and nomenclature, and in the event of weak and medium damage, partial disruption of production relations, restore production in the shortest possible time.

All industrial OE, regardless of their specific purpose, have many common features: buildings and structures of the main and auxiliary production, warehouses and buildings for administrative purposes; machine tool and technological equipment; elements of gas, steam, heat, water supply; the buildings are interconnected by a network of internal transport, communications, and a network of energy carriers. The average building density is 30...60%.

The stability of the functioning of the MA is primarily determined by a number of conditions:О

• the ability to protect workers and employees of the OE from all damaging factors, including secondary ones;
• the ability of the OE elements (its buildings, equipment, utility networks) to withstand any damaging factors;
• reliability of the OE supply system with everything necessary for production activities (raw materials, fuel, components);
• reliability of the control, warning and communication system;
• the ability to restore production after the damaging effects of damaging factors.

When solving the problems of increasing the stability of the functioning of the OE and sectors of the national economy, the design standards for engineering and technical measures of civil defense (ITM GO), published as part of building codes and regulations (SNiP 2.0.151-90), are of paramount importance. All newly constructed OE and their elements are built in strict accordance with these standards under the strict control of the civil defense authorities.

Research of stability of functioning OE begins long before its commissioning. This is done at the design stage, technical, environmental, economic and other expertise. Each reconstruction or expansion of an object (its element) also requires a new stability study. Thus, the study of sustainability is not a one-time action, but a dynamic, long-term process that requires constant monitoring and attention from the management, chief specialists, and civil defense services.

The main requirements of the ITM GO standards for the planning and development of cities, the placement of OE in them. The requirements of the ITM GO standards are aimed at reducing the probable damage, the number of victims, creating acceptable conditions for rescue and other urgent work (R&D) in possible foci of destruction. Fulfillment of these requirements increases the sustainability of the urban economy.

Decreasing the density of urban development, creating separate micro-districts, satellite cities, the boundaries of which are parks, green spaces, reservoirs, wide highways - all this creates fire breaks. The presence of reservoirs makes it possible to use them in extinguishing a fire, since the probability of maintaining the health of the water supply system is small.

The construction of wide highways and the creation of the necessary transport network is designed to prevent the formation of solid blockages that impede the actions of rescuers and the evacuation of the population. The width of the non-collapsible highway is determined by the formula W = C ^ + 15 m, where H ^ is the height of the tallest building on the highway, m (if it is not a frame structure). The intracity transport network between residential and industrial areas must be reliable, have exits outside the city, to railway stations, marinas. Intercity highways (roads) must be outside the city so that the columns can follow without entering the city.

The creation of a forest park strip in the suburban area provides recreation for the population, and in case of emergency - the accommodation of evacuees. There are rest houses, sanatoriums, tourist and sports bases, places for children's recreation. Attention should be paid to the development in the suburban area of ​​the road network, communications, electricity, water supply, to provide premises for shops, canteens, consumer services.

Most of the measures to protect the population are carried out in advance and require huge costs. This is the construction of the ZS GO, providing people with PPE, equipment of command posts, warning and communication systems; planning activities for REW. To increase the stability of control, the main, spare, backup and backup control points are provided with all the necessary equipment.

Pipelines and utility networks should be placed outside the zones of possible destruction or buried. Public transport garages must be dispersed throughout the city.

Requirements for the design, construction and reconstruction of OE. Buildings and structures on the territory of the OE must be placed dispersed with the provision of fire breaks between them. The width of the fire gap is determined by the formula W_п= H₁+ N₂+20 m, where H₁ and H₂, - heights of neighboring buildings, m. Critical OE structures are built with a low number of storeys or buried, their shape must have a minimum sail area in order to withstand air-blast (Fig. 9.1). The most resistant to it are reinforced concrete buildings with a metal frame in concrete formwork.

Rice. 9.1. Design features that improve the flow around objects by a shock air wave

To increase the resistance of OE elements to light radiation, fire-resistant structures, fireproof materials, fire-retardant coatings of combustible building elements are used, reinforced or concrete slabs are used as partitions. It is advisable to divide large buildings into sections with fireproof walls (firewalls).

It is necessary to provide for the possibility of sealing the buildings of food shops and warehouses in order to prevent the penetration of radioactive, chemical substances or bacteriological agents into them. Warehouses should have a minimum number of doors and windows, and LVHZh and hazardous chemicals should be placed in separate buried storage facilities.

Unique and valuable equipment should be housed in more durable, buried structures. It is allowed to place it in structures made of light fireproof structures, under sheds or openly, since the equipment is more resistant to air-blast effects than to the debris of a collapsed building (Fig. 9.2).

Rice. 9.2. Protective devices for equipment

MA for the storage and processing of flammable liquids (oil, gasoline) should be placed down the slope of the terrain from other MA and settlements. It is advisable to use mine workings. Between the production buildings of the facility, there should be convenient, paved roads that have access to any of the several entrances to the MA.

Sewerage systems must have at least two drains into the city sewer networks and devices for emergency discharge into a pit, trench or other device.

To ensure a sufficient attenuation coefficient of radiation during the construction of industrial structures, the thickness of their walls and ceilings is increased, gaskets (armor, screens) made of special materials (lead, soil) are used.

Baths, showers, car washes should be adapted to perform special treatment in case of infection of people, equipment, property.

Increasing the sustainability of electricity supply. Electricity occupies a special place in everyday life and production activities. Power outage OE causes it to stop. The volume of electricity generation characterizes the economic potential of the country.

The power supply system includes the following elements:

• hydro, thermal and nuclear power plants;
• Power lines, cable and internal power grid;
• transformer and distribution stations;
• control rooms.

The unified energy system of the country includes a large number of power plants located at a considerable distance from each other, systems of automatic devices that can almost instantly turn off any electrical source or receiver in order to save the system's performance. The power plants of the system operate on different types of fuel.

It is advisable to supply electricity to cities and large facilities from two independent sources. If the power supply of the OE is carried out from one source, then the OE must have at least two inputs from different directions or an autonomous power plant. Electrical supply of workshops should be carried out through independent underground cable lines. It is necessary to provide for the possibility of providing electricity generation from railway transport units, sea (river) vessels.

The stability of transformer substations and switchgears should not be lower than the stability of the facility itself. The power supply system must be protected from the effects of the electromagnetic pulse of a nuclear explosion. For OE, a scheme of special operating modes of the power supply system should be developed with a phased connection of workshops and sites to power sources.

Increasing the sustainability of water supply to facilities. The uninterrupted operation of a number of enterprises is impossible without a reliable water supply. Thus, the water consumption in the production of 1 ton of chemical fiber reaches 2000 m³. The need for water in metallurgical production is no less. The importance of water for the needs of the population and civil defense formations cannot be overestimated. As an example, it suffices to recall that Hiroshima ended up in a zone of continuous fire due to the fact that the city's water supply was destroyed and it became impossible to use water supply to extinguish fires.

A modern water supply system is a complex complex of surface and underground structures, as well as a water supply network. There are two groups of water sources: from surface (open) reservoirs (rivers, lakes, swamps) and from underground water sources (artesian wells, springs).

The weakest link in the water supply system is the ground structures and the equipment placed in them. Therefore, already during the design, measures should be taken to protect them from damaging factors. In large cities, the system must have at least two sources of water supply, and industrial OE must have two or three inputs from urban looped highways.

It is possible to ensure the reliability and maintainability of water supply systems if it is planned to turn off damaged sections without disrupting the rhythm of the entire system for supplying consumers. Between the sections of the system there must be jumpers that allow water to be supplied to any pipeline bypassing damaged sections, pools, the possibility of supplying water, bypassing settling tanks or filters, directly to clean water tanks. Water supply networks must be looped. Reserve tanks with clean water must be placed underground, but in elevated places, in order to be able to supply water to the system by gravity. If water towers are used in the water supply system, then it should be possible to supply water bypassing them. The water supply system is required to provide water to consumers who require continuous water supply, as well as to the minimum number of fire hydrants located along the streets. Water wells should be located outside the areas of possible blockages.

Attention should be paid to the presence of artesian wells (even mothballed ones), clean water reservoirs, mine wells, and tanks. Reliable power supply of artesian well equipment must be provided. Water intake structures from open sources must be made using durable structures and components that can withstand the effects of damaging factors. There should be a stock of building materials and structures, as well as equipment for their quick commissioning after the defeat. Artesian wells, clean water reservoirs and shaft wells must ensure the distribution of water into mobile containers. It is necessary to eliminate the possibility of penetration of dust and contaminants into clean water tanks.

It should be possible to connect industrial and municipal water pipes to ensure water purification and disinfection. If the city water supply is supplied only from surface sources, then it is necessary to provide a special regime for cleaning and disinfecting water from all types of contamination by introducing increased doses of reagents and their longer contact with water. Thus, the productivity of the water supply system will decrease sharply, and it is necessary to provide for the availability of reserve capacities. The water supply system must be equipped with alarm devices and automatic shutdown (switching) of damaged areas. The MA draws attention to the availability of circulating water supply systems used for technical needs.

Decontamination stations store chlorine in metal containers under high pressure in liquid form, which can lead to the formation of VCPs. Chlorine must be safely stored (strong storage, trained personnel, degassing materials and degassing facilities).

Ensuring stability in gas supply. At many OEs, gas is used as a fuel, and at chemical plants, it is also used as a feedstock. The sustainability of the gas supply system is of paramount importance. With the destruction of the elements of the gas supply system, in addition to disrupting technological processes, there is a huge danger of fires, explosions, gas contamination of the area, which can significantly complicate the work of rescuers and restoration work.

The gas supply system consists of the following elements:

• gas sources;
• main gas pipelines;
• compressor, gas holder and gas distribution stations;
• urban gas network;
• locking (automatically disconnecting) devices.

Gas is supplied from natural sources with the help of compressor stations through main pipelines of large diameter (1420 mm) under pressure (up to 75 atm) to consumers. Main pipelines bypass large cities or branch into several lines: external, high pressure (up to 20 atm), must pass outside the zone of possible destruction; medium pressure (up to 12 atm) can pass in the zone of weak destruction.

The city gas network is divided into a high pressure network (3-6 atm), a medium pressure network (0,1-3 atm) and a low pressure network (0,02-0,03 atm). Industrial OE are supplied from the city gas network of high and medium pressure, and the low pressure gas network supplies gas for domestic needs.

In order to increase the stability of the functioning of the urban economy in the event of a failure of the gas supply system, all its facilities are transferred to other types of fuel (fuel oil, oil, coal, peat, firewood). The readiness of the transition is determined by the availability of the necessary equipment and the creation of sufficient fuel reserves.

To ensure the reliability of the gas supply system, it is necessary:

• windows, transoms, doors in ground gas distribution points should open outward, allowing gases to escape;
• place gas distribution stations outside the zone of possible destruction and from different sides of the city, increase the area of ​​​​their glazing;
• gas networks should be located underground, be equipped with reliable locking equipment, looped, and devices triggered by air-blast overpressure should be placed in certain places;
• on gas pipelines, use telemetric and shut-off equipment for remote control;
• ensure that the system can operate at reduced gas pressure;
• carry out gas supply from several sources or have several inputs from different sides, ensure the loopback of the internal distribution network;
• create underground gas storage facilities.

Ensuring sustainability in the sewerage system. The failure of the sewage system or its elements will create conditions for the emergence of foci of infection, diseases and even epidemics. This can greatly complicate rescue operations.

Flooding of part of the territory of cities, OE and basements with sewerage is especially dangerous if the operation of the sewer network is provided by pumping stations. The reliability of this network can be increased by using several collectors with an independent sewerage system on each and connecting its individual sections with jumpers. Sewers before crossing rivers, sewage treatment plants and other hazardous facilities must have emergency outlets to prevent sewage from escaping to the surface. Stations for pumping sewage and waste water must be provided with a reliable power supply and have independent sources of electricity.

The stability of the heat supply systems. Elements of the heat supply system (thermal power plants, boiler houses, heating mains) are located within the boundaries of urban development. The nature of destruction depends on the vulnerability of these elements under the influence of damaging factors.

The release of hot water to the surface leads to the flooding of large areas of the territory and poses a great danger to living organisms, and also leads to the formation of significant voids under the surface of the earth, where people and equipment can fall through. This creates serious difficulties in the work of rescuers.

Increasing the reliability of the operation of heat networks is basically similar to the implementation of measures to improve the sustainability of the operation of water supply systems.

Evaluation of the stability of the MA element and the object of the national economy as a whole. To assess the sustainability of the operation of the enterprise, the head of the civil defense of the OE, the headquarters of the Civil Defense and Emergency Department of the OE and the chief specialists conduct special studies. They involve contractors from the OE, employees of industry design and technology and research institutes.

The work is carried out in four stages:

1. Preparatory.

2. Assessment of object stability.

3. Development of measures to improve the sustainability of the functioning of the MA and its elements.

4. Registration of documentation on the results of the study.

At the FIRST (preparatory) stage of the study, the necessary documents are developed:

• order of the head of the GO OE to conduct a study;
• calendar plan for the preparation and conduct of the study, which indicates the performers, deadlines for the completion of work, leaders and composition of groups that solve specific problems;
• assignments to groups to conduct research on a specific range of issues.

There may be several such groups.

The 1st group (from the capital construction department) determines the physical fatigue of the OE elements (the minimum overpressure that they can withstand), as well as protective structures and individual shelters for personnel servicing continuous cycle units.

the 2nd group (from the department of the chief mechanic) evaluates the stability of machine, technological and laboratory equipment; the possibility of secondary damaging factors; adequate protection of unique and valuable equipment.

The 3rd group (from the department of the chief power engineer) evaluates the stability of the functioning of power facilities, networks and communications, the stability of the functioning of external and internal sources of electricity, as well as their inputs.

4th group (from the department of the chief technologist) determines the most vulnerable sections of the technological process; possible destruction of machine equipment, places of violation of technological processes due to deformation or collapse of building elements; the possibility of changing the technological process in case of failure of vulnerable areas; the possibility of replacing materials, raw materials, components, fuel, taking into account local resources.

5th group (from the OE supply and marketing department) evaluates: the availability, storage conditions and ensuring the safety of stocks and reserves of material assets (fuel, raw materials, components), their protection from the effects of damaging factors; stability of production relations and conditions for obtaining fuel, raw materials, components from suppliers; the possibility of switching to increased stock rates; the possibility of supply at the expense of backups and local resources in emergency situations; the feasibility of developing the road network and access roads; terms of work of the OE without the supply of the necessary materials.

The 6th group is created from the employees of the headquarters and services of the Civil Defense and Emergencies Ministry of the OE. Assesses the stability of control, warning and communication systems, the protective properties of buildings in terms of radiation attenuation. It determines the provision of people with personal protective equipment, the safety and readiness of these funds for issuance. Clarifies the GO OE Plan.

the 7th group, headed by the chief engineer of the OE, organizes and controls the work of all groups and executing specialists of the OE; organizes consultations with the services of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations of the territory and other employees and organizations involved in the study. Prepares all necessary documents for the study.

The SECOND stage of the study (sustainability assessment) begins with the study of the MA location area (city, flat or swampy terrain, forest), study of its layout, communications. At the same time, an analysis of the vulnerability of the elements, as well as the object as a whole in emergency situations, is carried out, ITM HE is outlined, the implementation of which will ensure an increase in the stability of the object.

At this stage, the analysis is carried out:

• consequences of accidents of individual production systems;
• propagation of air-blasts over the MA territory (places and nature of explosions, their power and probable consequences);
• spread of fire during various types of fire;
• reliability of communications and industrial complexes;
• distribution of pollutants in the event of "exit" of harmful substances;
• possibility of formation of toxic and flammable mixtures.

When organizing the work of the second stage, various methods of damage and defect analysis can be used: a method for assessing the growth of damage in the system after an accident with the construction of a "fault tree"; a method for constructing an "event tree" to determine the probability of an accident. In this case, information is used about malfunctions of equipment components and about the possibility of reducing their negative impact on the environment.

Evaluation of the resistance of the OE elements and the object as a whole to the impact of a shock air wave. The evaluation criterion is the value of excess pressure, which has a destructive effect on the OE element. All elements of the workshop, including communications, are subject to assessment: the most vulnerable elements and areas on which the operation of the entire OE depends are identified. Given a different value of overpressure, the stability of specific elements of the workshop and equipment, as well as the nature of their destruction, are determined. The distances at which damage to the OE element is likely, and the severity of the damage are determined from the reference materials of civil defense (see Chapters 2, 3, 6, 7). All data obtained are summarized in a table (Table 9.2). After analyzing the results, a list of ITMS of HE is determined, which it is advisable to carry out at the MA in order to increase its stability.

When performing calculations, it must be taken into account that the equipment fails usually not from the direct impact of air-blast, but from secondary damaging factors (falling beams, large objects, fragments of the building structure). Affects the performance of the equipment and its location in the shop. The destruction of buildings usually leads to damage to internal communications networks, which can cause fires, explosions, floods, and gas pollution.

Table 9.2. Characteristics of resistance of OE to the effects of air-blast

Notes. 1. In case of weak damage, it is possible to restore by the repair method with the simultaneous release of products; at medium - temporary cessation of production; with strong - a complete cessation of production. 2. Symbols of destruction: weak - yellow; medium - green, strong - blue.

Evaluation of the stability of the OE elements and the object as a whole to the effects of light radiation. Such exposure leads to the ignition of combustible materials, the development of fires, and burns of varying degrees. The impact criterion is a light pulse at which ignition or stable combustion of elements occurs.

A possible fire situation is assessed comprehensively, taking into account the combined action of air-blast and a light pulse, the category of fire and explosion hazard and the fire resistance of the structure. The results of the study are summarized in table. 9.3.

Table 9.3. Characteristic of the resistance of the OE to a light pulse

Determination of the possibility of work in case of radioactive contamination of the MA territory. The RP of the area usually does not have a significant impact on technological processes, with the exception of a number of objects in the chemical, electronic and food industries. The effects of radiation on living organisms have been discussed in previous chapters. The criterion for assessing the stability of OE elements and manufactured products is the radiation dose. Protection is determined by the radiation attenuation coefficient, which is calculated by the formula K_donkey=2 h/a, where h is the thickness of the protective layer, cm, and is the thickness of the half-weakening layer, cm.

The necessary data for the calculations are taken from the reference materials of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations. The final data are summarized in Table. 9.4. Using the data in the table, it is possible to calculate the radiation protection regimes that must be introduced under a really developing situation (see Chapter 7). When developing ITM GO, the need to seal the premises is determined, the possibility and necessity of creating additional work shifts are assessed, and measures are being worked out to perform a quick shift change.

Table 9.4. Characteristics of the protective properties of OE elements

Assessment of the degree of impact of secondary damaging factors. It is most important to determine the possible sources of secondary damaging factors.

Internal sources of secondary damaging factors include containers, tanks with flammable liquids and gases, explosive storage facilities, explosive technological installations and communications, flammable structures located on the territory of the MA.

External sources of secondary damaging factors are outside the MA. These are petrochemical and gas sales enterprises, refrigerators, hydroelectric facilities, explosives warehouses.

The order of impact of damaging factors is determined, its severity and duration are established. It is convenient to present the obtained data in the form of a table. 9.5, on the basis of which ITM GO are developed to reduce damage.

Assessment of chemical and biological impact in the area of ​​the MA. As a result of the aggravation of the consequences of the Black Sea - especially at an air temperature of about 35 ° C and water pollution, the presence of decomposing corpses - the territory may be in the focus of bacteriological contamination. The main protection measures in this case are: providing people with means of individual and collective protection, readiness and ability to use these means; availability of non-contaminated foods and liquids; assessment of the possibility of dispersal and evacuation of people within the quarantine zone.

The influence of infection on the production process, products, raw materials is analyzed. The possibility of sealing workshops and production lines, the possibility of working with the use of PPE is being studied. The possibility of carrying out special processing of people, equipment, machinery, territory, as well as carrying out anti-epidemic measures is provided.

Table 9.5. The likelihood of secondary damaging factors

Improving the sustainability of OE management in emergency situations. Management is the basis of the activity of the head of the GO OE and his headquarters. It consists in the implementation of constant management of the personnel of the OE, non-military formations at all stages of their activities, bringing tasks to subordinates and monitoring their implementation. The MA should develop a real warning and communication scheme for all activities. Management must be continuous at all stages (in the event of a threat of attack, during evacuation and dispersal, SIDNR), firm, flexible. Two management groups are created at the OE. One of them, on the signal "threat of attack", goes to the suburban area (to the dispersal area) to the reserve control point, which is fully equipped and ready for work.

To ensure reliable control in case of emergencies, a control center is being created in one of the shelters, equipped with all the equipment necessary for control. Communications to the control point are supplied underground, with duplication and protection against electromagnetic impulse. A reliable connection is established between the city and suburban control points. Mobile means of communication can be used as redundant ones. Attention is drawn to ensuring communication with adjacent OE and heads of civil defense territories. The formations are provided with radio stations and receive the necessary radio data.

A clear system for receiving civil defense signals and bringing them to officials, formations and personnel of the OE is being established at all levels. Bypass communication channels are provided.

Having assessed the stability of individual elements of the MA, it is possible to assess the sustainability of its production activities as a whole. The tables, graphs, schemes worked out during the study are the documents on the basis of which the proposals made are developed (evaluated) ITM GO.

At the THIRD stage of the study, the reality and economic feasibility (possibility) of carrying out the proposed measures to increase sustainability are assessed and the selection of the optimal ones is carried out. Here, the question of the readiness of the OE to restore production or change its profile is finally resolved. The repair and restoration plan takes its final form up to the use of the possibility of operating equipment in open areas and the allocation of appropriate resources.

At the FOURTH stage of the study, final documents are drawn up, the main of which is the "Schedule for increasing measures to improve the sustainability of the operation of the OE". Based on all the documents developed, conclusions are drawn, on the basis of which the head of the GO OE makes a decision to conduct specific ITM GO.

The plan of the developed measures is submitted to the authority for its approval and allocation of the necessary funds. Finally, the degree of increase in sustainability and the timing are determined by a higher authority or territorial authority. At the same time, the work is broken down by deadlines, the necessary forces and means are allocated, the volume and cost of work for each event, sources of financing are determined, responsible executors are appointed and deadlines are indicated. Since all these works cannot be completed in a short time, a long-term plan is drawn up with an annual fixation of the implementation of activities, which can be presented in any form.

Preparing for a trouble-free shutdown of production. At each industrial OE, in the event of an emergency, a Plan for a quick and trouble-free shutdown of production is being worked out. It should ensure that the likelihood of secondary damaging factors is reduced to a minimum. The reality of the Plan and the willingness of the OE personnel to implement it are determined at regular training sessions during the development of civil defense issues. At the same time, the necessary set of documentation is developed in advance. The plan provides for the training of personnel who will start working instead of those who left, to perform a trouble-free shutdown of production. Energy networks should be ready for a trouble-free shutdown, and in shops that stop working partially, it is planned to switch to a reduced technological regime (at the lowest possible temperatures, pressures, speeds). Lifting and transport vehicles are dispersed throughout the workshop. Individual shelters for personnel servicing continuous cycle units should be equipped;

When carrying out blackout measures, attention is paid to masking the lights of blast furnaces, open-hearth furnaces, kilns and similar units, and the outdoor lighting of the OE and the area adjacent to it is also sharply reduced.

Measures to prepare for the rapid restoration of production. An analysis of the consequences of an emergency shows that many OEs receive damage that can be repaired on their own. Therefore, the OE is working on the issues of restoring production after receiving weak or medium damage, for each variant of the defeat, a plan of priority restoration work is drawn up by the OE forces, taking into account the stocks of materiel and equipment and the possibility of its deployment in open areas, to which energy resources are connected. It is planned to redistribute human resources, premises and equipment from among the surviving and stored in reserve. At the same time, the restoration may be temporary or partial, as long as a quick release of products is ensured. Issues of using local reserves or other territories are being resolved with local authorities and headquarters of the Civil Defense and Emergency Ministry, and some enterprises may be re-profiled.

К restoration of production OE personnel are trained well in advance.

Such training should include:

• plans for the restoration of OE elements based on an analysis of the possible situation with various destruction options;
• developed technological schemes for continuing production in case of failure of equipment, lines, workshops due to the redistribution of premises and human resources, simplification of technology;
• development of documentation for restoration work, including the construction of temporary structures, ensuring its reliable preservation and use;
• calculations for the restoration of the structure with the predicted nature of the destruction, the list and total volume of restoration work (cost, time, labor costs), the forces involved for this, the trained repair and restoration teams;
• creation of material resources for restoration work, ensuring their safety and regular renewal (in the calculations for the repair of equipment, it is indicated: its type, quantity, list of repair and restoration work, their cost, necessary labor force, materials and spare parts, recovery time);
• drawing up calculations of the need for human resources for the implementation of restoration work;
• determination of the probable sequence of restoration work.

When restoring OE, everything must be subject to the requirement to resume production as soon as possible, therefore, simplified designs are allowed, but subject to safety measures and product compliance with the requirements of technical documentation. When determining the time for performing restoration work, the possibility of a long-term emergency with high levels of radiation is taken into account.

The developed technical documentation for the production of wartime products on OE backups, for the manufacture of products according to a simplified scheme and technology, as well as for technology using local raw materials and resources, must be securely stored (one set - at the factory, the second - in the suburban area, and the necessary number of documents issued to performers).

Authors: Grinin A.S., Novikov V.N.

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