Natural and man-made emergencies, their possible consequences. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Natural and man-made emergencies, their possible consequences. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Emergency (ES) - this is the situation in a certain territory or water area that has developed as a result of an accident, natural hazard, catastrophe, natural or other disaster that may or have caused human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and violation of living conditions of people.

On the surface of the Earth and in the layers of the atmosphere adjacent to it, many complex physical, physicochemical, biochemical, geodynamic, heliophysical, hydrodynamic and other processes occur, accompanied by the exchange and mutual transformation of various types of energy. These processes underlie the evolution of the Earth, being the source of constant transformations in the appearance of our planet. A person is not able to stop or change the course of these processes, he can only predict their development and in some cases influence their dynamics.

Russia, which has an extremely wide variety of geological, climatic and landscape conditions, is exposed to more than 30 types of natural hazards. The most destructive of them are floods, waterlogging, erosion, earthquakes, landslides, mudflows, karsts, suffusions, rock bursts, snow avalanches, hurricanes, storm winds, tornadoes, severe frosts, and various permafrost phenomena. Earthquakes are the most dangerous. In recent years alone, more than 120 earthquakes have occurred on the territory of the Russian Federation. Two of them - in the Kuril Islands on October 4, 1994 and in the village. Neftegorsk on May 27, 1995 were very strong and led to human casualties, severe destruction of social and industrial infrastructure in epicentral regions, as well as to gaps, cracks, landslides and other deformations of the earth's surface.

Other hazards of geological origin include landslides, landslides, mudflows, abrasion, processing of reservoir banks, and permafrost processes. The possibility of damage by landslides and mudflows to the territories of certain regions of the North Caucasus, the Volga region, Transbaikalia and Sakhalin reaches 70-80% of their total area. More than 700 cities in the country are affected by these processes. The total annual damage from them is tens of billions of rubles. Relatively less dangerous due to the lower volumes and speeds of the simultaneous movement of masses of rocks and water are the processes of planar and ravine erosion, processing of the banks of reservoirs and seas, and soil swelling. They do not lead to the death of people, but the economic losses from their development can be comparable (as a rule, due to the irreversible loss of land) with natural disasters. In some years, the damage from these processes can amount to 8-9 billion dollars.

Of the atmospheric processes, the most devastating and dangerous are squalls, hurricanes, typhoons, hail, tornadoes, heavy downpours, thunderstorms, snowstorms and snowfalls, which often affect some areas of the Far East (Magadan region and Sakhalin), and in the European part of Russia - Bryansk, Kaluga, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov regions and the Republic of Mordovia.

Of all natural processes and phenomena, floods, tropical storms, droughts and earthquakes cause the greatest economic damage, they are also the most dangerous for human life and health.

An analysis of the development of natural hazards today allows us to conclude that, despite scientific and technological progress, the protection of people and the material sphere from formidable phenomena and processes of nature does not increase. The annual increase in the number of deaths from natural disasters in the world is 4,3%, affected - 8,6%, and the amount of material damage - 10,4%.

Technogenic hazards and threats humanity felt and realized a little later than natural. Only with the achievement of a certain stage in the development of the technosphere, man-made disasters invaded human life, the sources of which are accidents and man-made disasters. The danger of the technosphere for the population and the environment is due to the presence in industry, energy and public utilities of a large number of radiation, chemical, biological, fire and explosion hazardous technologies and industries. There are about 45 such industries in Russia alone. The possibility of accidents at them is currently aggravated by the high degree of depreciation of fixed production assets, the failure to carry out the necessary repair and maintenance work, and the decline in production and technological discipline.

Radiation hazardous objects

There are 10 nuclear power plants (NPPs), 113 nuclear research facilities, 12 fuel cycle industrial enterprises, 8 research organizations working with nuclear materials, 9 nuclear ships with their support facilities, as well as about 13 thousand other enterprises and organizations in Russia. operating with the use of radioactive substances and products based on them. Almost all nuclear power plants are located in the densely populated European part of the country. More than 30 million people live in their 4-kilometer zones. In addition, the system of disposal of nuclear waste produced at these facilities poses a great danger to the population.

Chemically hazardous objects

In the Russian Federation, there are more than 3,3 thousand economic facilities that have significant amounts of emergency chemically hazardous substances (AHOV). More than 50% of them use ammonia, about 35% - chlorine, 5% - hydrochloric acid. Up to several thousand AHOV can be located at separate objects at the same time. The total stock of hazardous chemicals at the enterprises of the country reaches 700 thousand tons. Many of these enterprises are located in large cities with a population of over 100 thousand people or near them. These are primarily enterprises of the chemical, petrochemical and oil refining industries.

Fire and explosive objects

In our country, there are over 8 thousand fire and explosion hazardous facilities. Most often, explosions and fires occur at the enterprises of the chemical, petrochemical and oil refining industries. They lead, as a rule, to the destruction of industrial and residential buildings, the defeat of production personnel and the population, and significant material damage.

Gas and oil pipelines

Currently, more than 200 thousand km of main oil pipelines, about 350 thousand km of field pipelines, 800 compressor and oil pumping stations are in operation at oil and gas industry enterprises, in geological exploration organizations. Most of the main gas pipelines, oil pipelines and oil product pipelines were put into operation in the 60-70s. last century. Therefore, today the share of oil pipelines with a service life of more than 20 years is 73%, of which a significant part has been in operation for more than 30 years. It follows from this that the existing network of oil pipelines has largely exhausted its resource and requires serious reconstruction. The main causes of pipeline accidents are underground corrosion of metal (21%), defective construction and installation works (21), defects in pipes and equipment (14), mechanical damage (19%).

Transport

Every year in the Russian Federation, more than 3,5 billion tons of cargo is transported by various modes of transport, including about 50% by rail, 39% by road, 8 by inland waterways, and 3% by sea. Daily transportation of people exceeds 100 million people: by rail - 47%, by road - 37, by aviation - 15, by river and sea vessels - 1%. The most dangerous road transport, during the operation of which an average of 33,415 people die. per 1 billion passenger kilometers. For comparison, in aviation this figure is 1,065 people. In railway accidents, human losses are much lower. It should also be noted that transport is a serious source of danger not only for passengers, but also for the population living in the areas of transport highways, since a large amount of flammable, chemical, radioactive, explosive and other substances are transported along them, which pose a threat to life and health in an accident. of people. Such substances account for about 12% of the total volume of cargo transportation.

Hydraulic structures

Currently, more than 30 reservoirs are operated on the territory of the Russian Federation (including 60 large reservoirs with a capacity of more than 1 billion m³) and several hundred storage tanks for industrial effluents and waste. Hydraulic structures at 200 reservoirs and 56 waste storage facilities are in emergency condition (they have been in operation without reconstruction for more than 50 years), which can create many problems. They are located, as a rule, within or upstream of large settlements, and all are objects of increased risk. Their destruction can lead to catastrophic flooding of vast territories, many cities, villages and economic facilities, to a long-term cessation of navigation, agricultural and fishing production.

Public utilities

About 2370 water supply and 1050 sewerage pumping stations, about 138 transformer substations, and over 51 boiler houses operate in the housing and communal services of our country. The length of water supply networks is approximately 185 thousand km, heat (in two-pipe terms) - 101 thousand km and sewer - about 105 thousand km.

About 120 major accidents occur annually at public utilities facilities, the material damage from which amounts to tens of billions of rubles. In recent years, every second accident occurred in networks and heat supply facilities, and every fifth - in water supply and sewerage systems.

The main causes of man-made accidents and disasters are as follows:

the complexity of production is increasing, often this is due to the use of new technologies that require high concentrations of energy, substances dangerous to human life and have a strong impact on the components of the environment;
the reliability of production equipment and vehicles decreases due to a high degree of wear;
violation of technological and labor discipline, low level of training of employees in the field of safety.
In addition, sometimes the causes of a number of accidents and man-made disasters are various dangerous natural processes and phenomena.

Authors: Smirnov A.T., Shakhramanyan M.A., Durnev R.A., Kryuchek N.A.

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