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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Use of visual and auditory orientation markers. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Visual and auditory markers of orientation: Determination of distance in steps. To determine the distance by your steps, you need to know their length. The average length of a pair of steps can conditionally be taken equal to 1,5 m. Steps can be counted in triplets, counting the triplets alternately under the right and left legs. If the distance is measured by running, then the score is kept in five steps. When measuring long distances, every hundred counted pairs or triplets of steps are marked by writing, bending fingers, or in another way. It is more convenient to use a special device - a pedometer. Determining the distance by constructing similar triangles. When determining the distance to inaccessible objects, various techniques are used related to the construction of such triangles. Determination of distance with a match. A match is the simplest rangefinder. First, two-millimeter divisions must be applied to it with ink or a pencil. It is also necessary to know the approximate height of the object to which the distance is determined. So, the height of a person in meters is 1,7, the wheel of a bicycle has a height of 0,75, the height of the rider is 2,2, the telegraph pole is 6, a one-story house without a roof is 2,5-4 m.
Rice. 6.27. Determination of distance with a match Suppose you need to determine the distance to the telegraph pole. We direct a match at it in an outstretched hand (Fig. 6.27), the length of which in an adult is approximately 60 cm. On the match, the image of the column took two divisions, that is, 4 mm. Based on these data, it is easy to make the following proportion:
Thus, up to a column of 900 meters. Walking standards. On the route for measurements using the construction of similar triangles, it is useful for tourists to know some other hiking standards. The length of the "quarter", that is, the distance between the ends of the spaced thumb and little finger, is 18-22 cm. The length of the index finger from the base of the thumb is 11-13 cm, the length of the middle finger from the base is 7-8 cm. The greatest distance between the ends of the thumb and index fingers is 16-18 cm, between the ends of the index and middle fingers - 8-10 cm. The distance between the ends of a person's horizontally extended arms is usually equal to his height. The distance from the eyes to the raised thumb of the outstretched hand is 60-70 cm. The width of the index finger is about 2 cm, the width of his nail is 1 cm. The width of the four fingers of the palm is 7-8 cm. Each tourist determines the specific length of these and other standards on their own and writes them down in their travel notebook. Estimation of the distance by the eye and by the audibility of sounds. For an eye estimate of the distance, you can use the table. 6.5. Features of vision on the route of various objects. They depend on many factors and, first of all, on the distance to objects. The farther away an object is, the lower and narrower it looks than it really is. Therefore, large objects appear closer than small ones. Lying objects (such as a fallen tree) appear longer than standing objects of the same size. Table 6.5. Distance estimation table
The distance on the water, in the gorge, on the snow seems shorter than the actual one. The width of the river from a gently sloping bank appears to be greater than when viewed from a steep bank. When viewed from the bottom up, from the foot of the mountain to its top, the slope seems less steep, and the objects on the mountain are closer than when viewed from the top down, from the mountain. At night, all light sources and brightly lit objects appear much closer to their actual position. During the day, objects that are light or painted in bright colors seem closer than objects that are dark or have little contrast with the natural background. Corrections for psychological errors. When orienting and estimating the distance on the route, it must be remembered that the steepness of bare slopes usually seems greater than forested ones, the distance to a distant forest, river, mountain is shorter than the real one, a flat road is less long than the same off-road path. The kilometers traveled with a heavy backpack, in bad weather or in conditions of poor visibility, are especially “lengthened”. Table of audibility of various sounds. The table shows the range of the beginning of audibility of sounds in an open area in conditions of silence and at normal humidity (Table 6.6). Table 6.6. Table of audibility of various sounds
Time Estimation You can determine the time by the sun (sundial), moon, stars and individual natural phenomena that have a daily rhythm of development. The ability to determine the time without a watch is important for tourists not so much in case of loss or breakdown of the latter, but for the development of observation and the implementation of various types of observation of nature. For a rough estimate of the time on clear summer days, flowers can be used. Table below. 6.7 indicating the hours at which the most common flowers in the middle zone of the country open and close. Table 6.7. Flower opening and closing times
You can also approximately determine the time in the summer morning hours by the awakening of birds and their first songs (Table 6.8). Table 6.8. Bird song time
Movement in azimuth What is an azimuth? This is the angle counted in the direction of the clockwise direction from the north direction to the direction to the given object (landmark). Azimuth is measured in degrees from 0 to 360. If the geographical meridian is taken as the initial direction, the azimuth is called true; if the magnetic meridian is taken as the initial direction, the azimuth is called magnetic. Movement in azimuth consists in determining the desired direction on the ground along a given azimuth and maintaining this direction on the way to the exit to the intended point. In a hike in azimuth, they usually move in closed areas or off-road, for which magnetic azimuths and distances to landmarks are predetermined on the map. Movement using intermediate landmarks When moving in azimuth, the practical accuracy of reaching the landmark is usually up to one tenth of the route traveled. Therefore, it is always desirable to mark intermediate landmarks on the route. To do this, before moving, set the sighting device of the compass to the desired direction and orient the compass. Then they sight in the right direction (or next to it) some pronounced and not very distant landmark, to which they move. Having reached the landmark, the operation is repeated again. When determining the direction, it is necessary to ensure that the north end of the compass needle coincides with the north mark on its limb. When moving in azimuth, tourists may encounter significant obstacles in width, such as a lake or a rocky area. To strictly maintain the general direction, it is desirable to bypass them along a broken line with the least number of "knees". When walking around, you should clearly record the values of intermediate azimuths and the distances traveled along them. In order not to stray from the right direction, it is useful to draw on a notepad sheet (on a tablet) a detour path with angles and lengths of the "knees" in the process of movement. Movement without clear guidelines In the absence of guidelines in the field, tundra, steppe or with poor visibility, you can move using the alignment method. The tourist leading the movement controls the direction, being at the end of the group: he sees the entire chain of tourists, can compare its direction with the given azimuth and warn about deviations in a timely manner. In the presence of the sun (moon, stars), you can move in azimuth by measuring the angle of direction with respect to these celestial bodies. Every half an hour, their position in the sky must be clarified using a compass. Of the methods of such orientation, the most common is orientation by one's own shadow. In windy weather, it is useful to remember the direction of the wind or the movement of clouds relative to the sides of the horizon. On wide open spaces in winter it is possible to orient movement along snowy sastrugi. In densely forested areas, in order to maintain the direction, it is recommended to alternately bypass the encountered obstacles - trees, bushes, blockages - either from the left or from the right side. Sometimes, in the absence of intermediate landmarks, it is useful to make a deliberate deviation in a certain direction from a given azimuth. Having passed the distance calculated in steps or according to the time of movement to the final landmark, the tourists turn sharply to the side and look for the desired point on the ground in a new direction (in one, and not in two opposite directions, as it would be if they were moving straight along a given azimuth). At large distances, it is necessary to outline restrictive (lateral) landmarks, and choose the final landmark as linear as possible and such that it is deployed with a wide front towards the direction of movement of tourists. Loss of orientation on an easy section, you can continue to move forward with the whole group until you reach a known place. On a difficult section of the route, this cannot be done: here it is better to spend time on thorough reconnaissance than to go blindly. If tourists get lost, and intelligence does not give hope to orient themselves correctly, then in the absence of roads, one must go to the "water" and go along it downstream: the stream will lead to the river, that one - to the big river, on which people will definitely meet, housing. Along the way, you should leave tours with notes in prominent places - this will facilitate and speed up the search for the missing.Author: Mikhailov L.A.
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