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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Rectangular coordinates on maps. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Rectangular coordinates (flat) - linear quantities: abscissa х and the ordinate y, which determine the position of points on the plane (on the map) relative to two mutually perpendicular axes X и Y (Fig. 6.14). Abscissa X and ordinate Y points А - distances from the origin of coordinates to the bases of the perpendiculars dropped from the point А on the corresponding axes, indicating the sign. In topography and geodesy, as well as on topographic maps, orientation is carried out along the north, counting angles in a clockwise direction, therefore, to preserve the signs of trigonometric functions, the position of the coordinate axes, adopted in mathematics, is rotated by 90 °. Rectangular coordinates on topographic maps of the Russian Federation are used for coordinate zones. Coordinate zones - parts of the earth's surface, limited by meridians with a longitude that is a multiple of 6 °. The first zone is limited by meridians 0° and 6°, the second - 6° and 12°, the third - 12° and 18°, etc. The zones are counted from the Greenwich meridian from west to east. The length of each zone from north to south is about 20 km. The width of the zone at the equator is about 000 km, at a latitude of 670° - 40 km, at a latitude of 510° - 50 km, at a latitude of 430° - 60 km.
All topographic maps within a given zone have a common system of rectangular coordinates. The origin of coordinates in each zone is the point of intersection of the middle (axial) meridian of the zone with the equator (Fig. 6.15), the middle meridian of the zone corresponds to the abscissa axis, and the equator corresponds to the ordinate axis. With such an arrangement of the coordinate axes, the abscissas of points located south of the equator and the ordinates of points located west of the middle meridian will have negative values. For the convenience of using coordinates on topographic maps, a conditional account of ordinates is adopted, excluding negative values of ordinates. This is achieved by the fact that the ordinates are counted not from zero, but from a value of 500 km, i.e., the origin of coordinates in each zone is, as it were, shifted 500 km to the left along the Y axis. globe to a coordinate value Y the zone number is assigned to the left (one-digit or two-digit number). The relationship between conditional coordinates and their actual values is expressed by the formulas: X' = X; Y' = Y - 500, where X и Y - actual values of coordinates; x, Y - conditional values of coordinates. For example, if the point has coordinates X=5 650 450; Y \u3d 120 840 120, this means that the point is located in the third zone at a distance of 840 km 620 m from the middle meridian of the zone (840 500-000 5650) and north of the equator at a distance of 450 km XNUMX m.
Full coordinates - rectangular coordinates written (named) in full, without any abbreviations. In the example above, the full coordinates of the object are given: X = 5 650 450; Y = 3. Abbreviated coordinates are used to speed up target designation on a topographic map, in this case only tens and units of kilometers and meters are indicated. For example, the shortened coordinates of a given object would be: X = 50 450; Y=20. Abbreviated coordinates cannot be used when targeting at the junction of coordinate zones and if the area of operations covers a space with a length of more than 100 km in latitude or longitude. Coordinate (kilometer) grid - a grid of squares on topographic maps, formed by horizontal and vertical lines drawn parallel to the axes of rectangular coordinates at certain intervals (Table 6.4). These lines are called kilometers. The coordinate grid is intended for determining the coordinates of objects and drawing objects on the map by their coordinates, for target designation, map orientation, measurement of directional angles and for approximate determination of distances and areas. Table 6.4. Grids on maps
On a map with a scale of 1:500, the coordinate grid is not shown completely - only the exits of kilometer lines are plotted on the sides of the frame (in 000 cm). If necessary, a coordinate grid can be drawn on the map using these outputs. Kilometer lines on the maps are signed at their out-of-bounds exits and at several intersections inside the sheet (Fig. 6.16). The last kilometer lines on the map sheet are signed in full, the rest - in abbreviated form, with two digits (that is, only tens and units of kilometers are indicated). Signatures near the horizontal lines correspond to distances from the y-axis (equator) in kilometers. For example, the caption 6082 in the upper right corner shows that this line is 6082 km from the equator. The signatures of the vertical lines indicate the zone number (one or two first digits) and the distance in kilometers (always three digits) from the origin, conditionally moved west of the middle meridian by 500 km. For example, the signature 4308 in the lower left corner means: 4 - zone number, 308 - distance from the conditional origin in kilometers.
An additional coordinate (kilometer) grid can be plotted on topographic maps at a scale of 1:25, 000:1, 50:000 and 1:100 along the exits of kilometer lines in the adjacent western or eastern zone. The exits of kilometer lines in the form of dashes with the corresponding signatures are given on maps located over a distance of 000 ° to the east and west of the boundary meridians of the zone. An additional coordinate grid is intended to convert the coordinates of one zone into the coordinate system of another, neighboring, zone. If necessary, an additional coordinate grid is drawn on the map sheet by connecting dashes of the same name on opposite sides of the frame. The newly constructed grid is a continuation of the kilometer grid of the map sheet of the adjacent zone and must completely coincide (merge) with it when gluing the map. Author: Mikhailov L.A.
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