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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Conventional signs and design of maps. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Conventional signs of topographic maps - a system of graphic, alphabetic and digital designations, with the help of which the location of terrain objects is shown on the map and their qualitative and quantitative characteristics are transmitted. Conventional signs depicting the same objects on maps at a scale of 1:25 - 000:1 are almost the same in their outline and differ only in size. Conventional signs are divided into large-scale, off-scale and explanatory. Scale (contour) conventional signs consist of a contour (external outline of an object) depicted by a solid line or a dotted line, inside which the nature of the object is indicated by icons, color or shading. Linear signs (a kind of large-scale conventional signs) are used when depicting objects of a linear nature - roads, power lines, borders, etc. The location and planned outline of the axis of a linear object are depicted accurately on the map, but their width is greatly exaggerated. For example, the symbol of a highway on maps at a scale of 1:100 exaggerates its width by 000-8 times. Off-scale symbols are used when depicting objects whose plan outline cannot be rendered on a map scale. The location of such objects is determined by the main point of the symbol. The main points can be: the geometric center of the figure, the middle of the base of the sign, the top of the right angle or the geometric center of the bottom figure. Explanatory symbols are used to additionally characterize terrain objects, for example, an arrow on a river indicates the direction of the current, etc. Card sheet frames. Topographic maps are created over large areas; published in separate sheets, limited frames. The sides of the inner frames are the lines of parallels and meridians. They are divided into segments equal in degrees to one minute (1) on maps at a scale of 1:25-000:1 and five minutes (200) on maps at a scale of 000:5 and 1:500. These divisions through one filled with black paint or shaded. Each minute segment on maps of scale 000:1 - 1:000 is divided by points into six parts of 000 "each, with the exception of sheets of a map of scale 1:25 located within latitudes of 000-1 °, on which minute segments along the northern and the southern sides of the frame are divided into three parts (100 "each), and located to the north of the 000 ° parallel - into two parts (10" each). Marginal design topographic maps contains reference information about a given map sheet, information that complements the characteristics of the area, and data that facilitates work with the map. The location of the elements of the marginal design of maps at a scale of 1:25, 000:1, 50:000, 1:100 and 000:1 is shown in fig. 200. These elements mean: 1. Coordinate system. 2. The name of the republic and region, the territory of which is depicted on this sheet.
3. Name of the department that prepared and published the map. 4. The nomenclature of the sheet and the name of the most significant settlement (for maps of a scale of 1:200 and 000:1 - only the name of the settlement). 5. Number and year of publication (on maps of scale 1:200 and 000:1, the nomenclature, number and year of publication are indicated below the signature "Card stamp"). 6. Vulture of the card. 7. Method and year of survey or year of compilation and source materials from which the map was compiled; year of preparation for publication and printing of the map. 8. Performers. 9. Establishment scale (only on maps of scale 1:25, 000:1 and 50:000). 10. Numerical scale. 11. Scale value. 12. Linear scale. 13. Height of the section (on a map with a scale of 1:500, a scale of steps of heights is also given here). 14. System of heights (with the exception of the map at a scale of 1:500). 15. Scheme of the mutual arrangement of the vertical line of the coordinate grid, the true and magnetic meridians and the magnitude of the declination of the magnetic needle, the convergence of the meridians and the correction of the direction (with the exception of a map of a scale of 1:500). 16. Data on the declination of the magnetic needle, the convergence of the meridians and the annual declination of the magnetic needle (this information is not given on a map at a scale of 1:500). In addition to the arrangement of elements on a map of a scale of 1:200 to the right and left of the scale, conventional signs are given that characterize the passability of the terrain, and on the back or in the margins of the sheet, a soil map and a certificate of the terrain are printed, on a map of a scale of 000:1, a diagram is placed to the right of the scale the location of adjacent sheets and the scheme of administrative division, and to the left of the scale, the main symbols are given. Author: Mikhailov L.A.
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