City plans and special maps. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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City plans and special maps. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Plan (topographic) - an image of a small area or terrain object on paper. Usually plans are drawn up on a large scale, the terrain on them is characterized, as a rule, in more detail than on maps.

City plans are intended for a detailed study of cities, for orientation, target designation and command and control of troops during the battle.

On the city plan, data are placed not only on ground, but also on underground objects (metro, sewerage, communication collectors, etc.), the name of the streets is given (directly on the plan or in a list in the margins indicating their place in the squares of the grid applied on plan), a detailed list of the most important objects is indicated, sometimes a certificate is given that characterizes this item in political, economic and military terms.

Special cards - maps on which individual elements of the terrain are displayed with greater detail or special data are applied. Special cards are very numerous and varied.

These include maps: historical, economic, political and administrative, hydrological, geological, road and many others.

Major special cards, intended for use in headquarters and troops, are:

aeronautical charts;
maps with air defense grid;
road maps;
relief maps;
survey-geographical (in rectangular frames);
maps of terrain changes;
maps of water boundaries (river sections);
maps of mountain passes and passes;
maps with intelligence data about the enemy;
maps of water supply sources, etc.

Some maps are created in advance in peacetime, others - in the course of hostilities.

Aeronautical charts intended for the preparation and performance of aviation flights. The cartographic projection of these maps, their content and design are subject to the satisfaction of air navigation requirements.

Route maps and road maps are intended for planning and implementing the movement of troops and organizing military transportation. They contain more detailed technical and operational characteristics of the road network than topographic maps.

Relief cards are made on a scale of 1:500 and 000:1, and for certain areas - on a scale of 1:000 and larger; they are intended for a more visual representation of the terrain in the planning and organization of troop combat operations.

The content of relief maps is the same as topographic maps of the corresponding scale, but the relief on them is given in volume and somewhat exaggerated (the vertical scale is always larger than the horizontal one).

Survey maps (in rectangular frames) are created on a scale of 1:500, 000:1, 1:000, 000:1; they are used to study the terrain of theaters of operations, individual areas and operational directions.

Maps of terrain changes in areas of nuclear strikes are published on a scale of 1:100 and 000:1; they are topographic maps of the appropriate scale, in which data are imprinted that characterize the changes in the terrain that have occurred (destroyed settlements, blockages in forests, flooded and swampy areas, etc.).

Maps of water boundaries and sections of the river are intended for the study and assessment of water barriers (sections of the river); the scale of maps is mainly 1:50 and 000:1, sometimes the scale of the width of the river is larger than the scale of the image of the surrounding area. The map contains detailed characteristics of the water boundary, existing crossings (bridges, ferries, fords), hydraulic structures and the river floodplain (wetland, intersected by oxbow lakes and channels, soils, etc.).

A reconnaissance map is a regular or blank (monocolor) map on which reconnaissance data is marked with conventional symbols. It is published to bring to the troops the results of interpretation of aerial photographs.

Layout and nomenclature of maps

Map layout - a system for dividing maps into separate sheets. The nomenclature of maps is a system of numbering and designation of individual sheets. Each sheet is bounded by a frame. The sides of the frames of sheets of topographic maps are parallels and meridians (Table 6.3).

The nomenclature of topographic maps of the Russian Federation is based on a 1:1 scale map.

Map nomenclature at a scale of 1:1. The entire surface of the Earth is divided by parallels into rows (through 4 °), and by meridians - into columns (through 6 °); the sides of the formed trapezoids serve as the boundaries of the sheets of the map at a scale of 1: 1. The rows are indicated by capital Latin letters from А to V, starting from the equator to both poles, and the columns - in Arabic numerals, starting from the meridian 180 ° from west to east. The map sheet nomenclature consists of a row letter and a column number.

Table 6.3. Sizes of sheets of topographic maps

A map sheet at a scale of 1:500 is the fourth part of a map sheet at 000:1 and is designated by the nomenclature of a sheet of a millionth map with the addition of one of the capital letters A, B, C, G of the Russian alphabet denoting the corresponding quarter. For example, a map sheet at a scale of 1:000 from the city of Ryazan has the nomenclature N -37 - B. A sheet of a map at a scale of 1:200 is formed by dividing the millionth sheet into 000 parts (Fig. 36); its nomenclature consists of designating a sheet of a map at a scale of 6.5:1 with the addition of one of the Roman numerals 1, II, III, IV, ... XXXVI. For example, a sheet from the city of Ryazan has the nomenclature N - 37 - XVI.

A sheet of a map at a scale of 1:100 is obtained by dividing a sheet of a millionth map into 000 parts; its nomenclature consists of designating a sheet of the map 144:1 with the addition of one of the numbers 1, 000. A map sheet at a scale of 000:1 is formed by dividing a map sheet at a scale of 2,3,4,143,144:1 into four parts (Fig. 50); its nomenclature consists of the nomenclature of a hundred thousand card and one of the capital letters A, B, C, G of the Russian alphabet, for example, N -37-56 -A. A map sheet at a scale of 1:25 is obtained by dividing a map sheet at a scale of 000:1 into four parts; its nomenclature is formed from the nomenclature of the fifty-thousandth card with the addition of one of the lowercase letters a, b, c, d of the Russian alphabet (an example in Fig. 50 - N - 37-56 - A - b).

On sheets of maps of the Southern Hemisphere, a signature in brackets Yu. P. is added to the nomenclature of the sheet, for example, A-32-B (Yu. P.).

Rice. 6.5. Layout and nomenclature of sheets of maps at a scale of 1:200

Sheets of maps located between latitudes 60-76 ° are doubled in longitude - for example, a map sheet of a scale of 1: 1 in longitude will have a length of not 000, but 000 °.

Double sheets of a millionth card are indicated by indicating a row (letter) and two corresponding columns (an odd and subsequent even number); for example - a sheet of a map at a scale of 1:1 for the district of Murmansk has the nomenclature R - 35,36.

Double sheets of maps of other scales are indicated in a similar way: the letter or number of the eastern sheet is assigned to the nomenclature of the western left sheet, for example, R - 35-25,26. Sheets of maps located north of the 76° parallel are published in quadruple longitude. Their designation is made in the same order as for double sheets, only the numbers of the next three sheets are assigned to the nomenclature of the western sheet.

Author: Mikhailov L.A.

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