Emergency situations in case of accidents at hydraulic structures. OBZhD

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Emergency situations in case of accidents at hydraulic structures. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Directory / Basics of safe life

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Hydraulic structures (HTS) are classified:

1) by location:

a) land (pond, river, lake, sea);

b) underground (pipelines, tunnels);

2) by the nature and purpose of use:

a) water and energy;

b) for water supply;

c) ameliorative;

d) sewer;

e) water transport;

f) decorative;

g) timber-rafting;

h) sports;

i) fisheries;

3) by functional purpose:

a) waterworks that create a pressure or difference in water levels in front of the GTS and behind it - dams, dams;

b) water supply structures (water conduits) that serve to transfer water to the necessary specified points - canals, tunnels, flumes, pipelines, locks, aqueducts, spillways;

c) regulatory (corrective) HTS designed to improve the conditions for the flow of watercourses and protect the channels and banks of rivers - shields, dams, semi-dams, bank-protecting, ice-guiding HTS;

d) spillway GTS, which serve to pass excess water from reservoirs, canals and pressure basins.

Special GTS are distinguished into a special group:

1) for the use of water energy - HPP buildings, pressure basins;

2) for water transport - shipping locks, log launches;

3) ameliorative - main and distribution canals, gateways-regulators;

4) fisheries - fish passages, fishing ponds.

Complex hydraulic structures, united by a common purpose of operation, in which dams, canals, locks, and power plants (generators) are combined, are called waterworks.

Causes and types of HTS accidents

The HTS is constantly affected by water flow, temperature fluctuations, ice, pumps, static and hydrodynamic loads, surface abrasion, metal corrosion, concrete leaching, rotting of wooden structures (or their wear by living organisms). Therefore, over time, the probability of destruction of a particular structure and flooding of the adjacent territory with water increases, i.e. possible emergency situation.

The placement of such high-risk facilities within the boundaries of large settlements and their destruction can lead to catastrophic flooding of vast territories, a significant number of settlements, mass loss of life, destruction of buildings and various structures - civil and industrial, military facilities, etc.

The destruction (breakthrough) of hydraulic structures occurs as a result of the action of natural forces (earthquakes, hurricanes, erosion of dams, wear and tear of equipment) or human impact (strike with nuclear or conventional powerful weapons), as well as due to design defects or design errors.

Depending on the scale and consequences of flooding as a result of the destruction of hydraulic structures, there are:

1) catastrophic flooding;

2) breakthrough flood;

3) flooding, which caused the washout of fertile soils or the deposition of sediments over vast areas.

A breakthrough of hydraulic structures also occurs during prolonged heavy rains due to the filling of reservoirs above a critical level with a breakthrough of protective dams (swells). In this case, an emergency situation arises associated with the threat of flooding of nearby settlements and violations of the conditions for safe life. In such emergencies, the population is notified via all communication channels, television and radio broadcasting, units of the RSChS are mobilized, and evacuation is carried out from the zone of expected flooding.

Emergencies at HTS of this type often occur in the Krasnodar Territory, where there are irrigation systems and reservoirs, from which water is used to irrigate rice fields. A serious incident with an emergency situation at the GTS took place in the summer of 2003 in the Krasnodar Territory with very significant economic damage.

The consequences of hydrodynamic accidents at hydraulic structures are:

1) damage and destruction of hydraulic structures and waterworks and short-term or long-term termination of their functions;

2) the defeat of people and the destruction of various kinds of structures by a wave of breakthrough hydraulic structures;

3) flooding of vast territories with the emergence of emergency situations and the deployment of RSChS units equipped with special equipment.

The main damaging factors of catastrophic flooding are:

1) destructive breakthrough wave;

2) water flow and calm waters flooding the land area and objects.

Secondary consequences of hydrodynamic accidents at hydraulic structures are pollution of water and terrain by substances from destroyed (flooded) storage facilities belonging to industrial and agricultural enterprises, mass diseases of people and animals, accidents on highways, landslides and collapses, loss of strength of buildings and structures.

Long-term consequences are associated with residual flooding factors - sediment, pollution, changes in the landscape and other elements of the natural environment.

Measures to protect the public from the adverse consequences of accidents at hydraulic structures:

1) reducing the maximum water flow by redistributing the flow of water over time;

2) regulation of flood flows with the help of reservoirs;

3) strengthening and timely repair of hydraulic structures, enclosing dams (swells);

4) carrying out bank protection and dredging works with the help of dredgers, backfilling low places.

Prompt preventive measures include:

1) warning the population about the threat of accidents;

2) early evacuation of the population, farm animals, material and cultural values from potentially flooded areas;

3) partial restriction or termination of the work of enterprises, organizations, institutions located in areas of possible flooding;

4) protection of material and cultural values.

One way to prevent accidents in waterworks is to avoid building them where they will do more harm than good.

Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.

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