Emergencies. Classification of emergency situations. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Emergencies. Classification of emergency situations. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Emergencies (ES) It is customary to call circumstances arising as a result of natural disasters (natural emergencies), accidents and disasters in industry and transport (technogenic emergencies), environmental disasters, sabotage or factors of a military, social and political nature, which consist in a sharp deviation from the norm of occurring phenomena and processes and have a significant impact on people's livelihoods, the economy, the social sphere or the natural environment.

The Federal Law of December 21, 1994 No. 68-FZ "On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies" provides the following definition: "An emergency is a situation in a certain area that has developed as a result of an accident, a dangerous natural phenomenon, catastrophe, natural or other disasters that may or have caused human casualties, damage to human health or the surrounding natural area, significant material losses and violation of people's living conditions.

Emergencies arising in peacetime as a result of natural disasters, catastrophes, industrial and transport accidents are accompanied by the destruction of buildings, structures, vehicles, utilities, loss of life, destruction of equipment and material assets.

Emergency zone - a territory or water area where an emergency situation has arisen as a result of the occurrence of a source of emergency situations or the spread of its consequences to other areas.

Natural disasters - these are dangerous phenomena or processes of geophysical, geological, hydrological, atmospheric and other origin of such a scale that cause catastrophic situations characterized by a sudden disruption of the life of the population, violation and destruction of material values, defeat and death of people.

Natural disasters often lead to accidents and catastrophes in industry, transport, public utilities and other areas of human activity.

Accident - this is damage to a machine, machine tool, installation, production line, power supply system, equipment, vehicle, building, structure. Very often, accidents occur in road, rail, air and water transport, in systems of public services. At industrial enterprises, they are usually accompanied by explosions, fires, collapses, releases or spills of hazardous chemical substances (AHOV). These incidents are not so significant, without serious human casualties.

Catastrophe - this is an event with tragic consequences, a major accident with the death of people.

Ecological catastrophy - a natural disaster, a major industrial or transport accident (catastrophe), which led to extremely unfavorable changes in the environment, as a rule, to the mass death of living beings and significant economic damage.

All emergencies are classified according to three criteria:

1) the scope of occurrence, which determines the nature of the origin of the emergency;

2) departmental affiliation, i.e. where, in which sector of the national economy this emergency happened;

3) the scale of possible consequences. Here, the significance (magnitude) of the event, the damage caused and the amount of forces and means involved in eliminating the consequences are taken as a basis.

1. By area of origin

There are natural (Fig. 1), man-made (Fig. 2) and environmental (Fig. 3) emergencies.

Emergencies. Classification of emergency situations
Rice. 1. Classification of natural emergencies

Emergencies. Classification of emergency situations
Rice. 2. Classification of man-made emergencies

Emergencies. Classification of emergency situations
Rice. 3. Classification of emergency situations of an ecological nature

2. By departmental affiliation, emergencies are distinguished:

1) in construction (industrial, civil, transport);

2) in industry (nuclear, chemical, food, metallurgical, engineering, mining, fertilizers);

3) in the public utility sector (on water supply and sewerage systems, gas, heat, electric networks, during the operation of buildings and structures);

4) in transport (railway, road, pipeline, air, water);

5) in agriculture and forestry.

3. Classification of emergencies according to the scale of possible consequences

Emergencies are classified according to the "Regulations on the classification of natural and man-made emergencies", approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 13, 1996 No. 1094. It is intended to establish a unified approach to assessing natural and man-made emergencies, determining the boundaries of emergency zones and appropriate response to them.

It states that emergencies are classified according to:

1) the number of people affected in these situations, whose living conditions were violated;

2) the amount of material damage;

3) the boundaries of the zones of distribution of damaging factors of emergency situations.

Emergencies are divided into:

1) local;

2) local;

3) territorial;

4) regional;

5) federal;

6) cross-border.

К local refers to an emergency situation, as a result of which no more than 10 people were injured, or the living conditions of no more than 100 people were violated, or material damage amounted to no more than 1 thousand minimum wages on the day of the emergency, and the emergency zone does not go beyond the territory of the facility industrial or social purpose.

К to local includes an emergency situation, as a result of which more than 10, but not more than 50 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 100, but not more than 300 people, were violated, or material damage amounted to more than 1, but not more than 5 minimum wages per the day of the emergency, and the emergency zone does not go beyond the boundaries of the settlement, city, district.

К territorial an emergency situation, as a result of which more than 50, but not more than 500 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 300, but not more than 500 people, were violated, or material damage amounted to more than 5 thousand, but not more than 0,5 million minimum wages labor on the day of the emergency, and the emergency zone does not go beyond the boundaries of the subject of the Russian Federation.

К regional refers to an emergency situation, as a result of which more than 50, but not more than 500 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 500, but not more than 1000 people were violated, or material damage is more than 0,5 million, but not more than 5 million minimum wages on the day of the emergency, and the emergency zone covers the territory of two constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

К federal refers to an emergency situation, as a result of which more than 500 people were injured, or the living conditions of more than 1000 people were violated, or material damage amounted to more than 5 million minimum wages on the day the emergency situation occurred, and the emergency zone extends beyond more than two subjects of the Russian Federation Federation.

К cross-border refers to an emergency, the damaging factors of which go beyond the borders of the Russian Federation, or an emergency that occurred abroad, affects the territory of the Russian Federation.

The elimination of emergencies is carried out by the forces and means of enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of their organizational and legal form (hereinafter referred to as organizations), local governments, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, on the territory of which an emergency situation has developed, under the leadership of the relevant commissions for emergency situations (CSF).

The liquidation of a local emergency is carried out by the forces and means of the organization, local - by the forces and means of local governments, territorial - by the forces and means of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, regional and federal - by the forces and means of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are in the emergency zone .

If there is a lack of their own forces and means to eliminate a local, local, territorial, regional and federal emergency, the relevant commissions may apply for help to higher CoES.

The liquidation of an emergency transboundary situation is carried out by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation in accordance with the norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Civil Defense Troops, other troops and military formations may be involved in liquidation of emergency situations in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The liquidation of an emergency situation is considered completed upon completion of rescue and other urgent work.

Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.

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