Unified State System for Prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations (RSChS). OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Unified State System for Prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations (RSChS). Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

In April 1992, in order to implement the state policy in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations, the Russian system of warning and action in emergency situations was formed, which was transformed in 1995 into Unified State System for Prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations. The purpose of creating this system is to unite the efforts of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, as well as organizations, institutions and enterprises in the field of prevention and liquidation of emergency situations.

The main tasks of RSChS:

development and implementation of legal and economic norms related to ensuring the protection of the population and territories from emergency situations;
implementation of targeted and scientific and technical programs aimed at preventing emergency situations and increasing the sustainability of the functioning of enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of their organizational and legal forms, as well as production and social facilities under their jurisdiction in emergency situations;
ensuring readiness for actions of command and control bodies, forces and means intended for the prevention and liquidation of emergency situations;
collection, processing, exchange and issuance of information in the field of protection of the population and territories from emergency situations;
preparing the population for actions in emergency situations;
forecasting and assessment of the socio-economic consequences of emergency situations;
creation of reserves of financial and material resources for liquidation of emergency situations;
implementation of state expertise, supervision and control in the field of protection of the population and territories from emergency situations;
liquidation of emergency situations;
the implementation of measures for the social protection of the population affected by emergency situations, and the conduct of humanitarian actions;
implementation of the rights and obligations of the population in the field of protection against emergency situations, including those directly involved in their liquidation;
international cooperation in the field of protection of the population and territories from emergency situations.

In accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the Unified State System for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergencies" dated December 30.12.2003, 794 No. 3, the RSChS includes management bodies, forces and means of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, bodies local self-government and organizations whose powers include resolving issues in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations. RSChS consists of functional and territorial subsystems and operates at the federal, regional, territorial, local and facility levels (Scheme XNUMX).

Functional subsystems of RSChS create federal executive bodies to organize work in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergencies in their field of activity.

Unified State System for Prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations (RSChS)

Scheme 3. Unified state system for the prevention and elimination of emergencies

Territorial subsystems of RSChS are formed in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in order to prevent and eliminate natural and man-made emergencies within their territories. These systems consist of links that correspond to the administrative-territorial division of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

At each level of the RSChS, coordinating bodies, permanent governing bodies, day-to-day management bodies, forces and means, reserves of financial and material resources, communication, warning and information support systems have been created.

RSChS coordinating bodies:

at the federal level - government commission for the prevention and liquidation of emergency situations and ensuring fire safety; Commissions for the Prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations and Ensuring Fire Safety of Federal Executive Authorities;
at the territorial level (within the territory of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation) - commissions for the prevention and liquidation of emergency situations and ensuring fire safety of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
at the local level (within the territory of the municipality) - commissions for the prevention and liquidation of emergency situations and ensuring fire safety of the local self-government body;
at the facility level - commissions for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations and ensuring the fire safety of organizations.

Within the limits of the federal districts, the coordinating functions are carried out by authorized representatives of the President of the Russian Federation.

Permanent governing bodies of the RSChS:

at the federal level - Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, structural subdivisions of federal executive bodies specially authorized to solve problems in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations;
at the regional level - regional centers for civil defense, emergencies and elimination of consequences of natural disasters of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia (regional centers);
at the regional and local levels - relevant bodies specially authorized to solve the tasks of civil defense, prevention and liquidation of emergency situations in the territories of all constituent entities of the Russian Federation and all municipalities (administrative bodies for civil defense and emergency situations);
at the facility level - structural subdivisions or employees of organizations specially authorized to solve problems in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergency situations.

Bodies of day-to-day management of the RSChS:

crisis management centers, information centers, dispatch services of federal executive bodies;
crisis management centers of regional centers, regional information centers;
crisis management centers of civil defense and emergency management bodies, territorial (local) information centers, duty and dispatch services of territorial bodies of federal executive bodies;
unified duty and dispatching services of municipalities; duty-dispatching services of organizations (objects).

Forces and means of the RSChS represent specially trained forces and means of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, organizations and public associations, intended and allocated (enlisted) for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations (Scheme 4).

At each level of the RSChS, they include forces and means of constant readiness, designed for prompt response to emergency situations and carrying out work to eliminate them. The basis of these permanent readiness forces are emergency rescue services, emergency rescue formations, other services and formations equipped with special equipment, equipment, equipment, tools, materials for emergency rescue and other urgent work in the emergency zone for three days. At the facilities, the structure and composition of the forces of constant readiness are determined by the organizations creating them, based on the tasks assigned to them for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations.

The forces and means of the RSChS are usually divided into forces and means of observation and control, forces and means of liquidating emergency situations. The former include bodies, services and institutions that carry out state supervision, inspection, monitoring, control of the state of the natural environment, the course of natural processes and phenomena, potentially hazardous objects, food, fodder, substances, materials, and people's health. These include the forces and means of state supervision bodies, hydrometeorological services, veterinary services and some others.

Unified State System for Prevention and Elimination of Emergency Situations (RSChS)

Scheme 4. General grouping of Russian rescue forces

The emergency response force includes:

civil defense troops;
search and rescue service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia;
the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia;
formations and military units of the Armed Forces intended to eliminate the consequences of disasters;
fire-fighting, emergency rescue, emergency recovery units of ministries, departments and organizations;
institutions and formations of emergency medical services and others.

In the absence of a threat of emergency situations at facilities, territories or water areas, the authorities and forces of the RSChS function in the mode of daily activities. In the event of a threat of an emergency situation, a high alert mode is introduced for them, and in the event of the occurrence and liquidation of an emergency situation, an emergency mode is introduced.

The main activities carried out by the authorities and forces of the RSChS in the mode of daily activities:

study of the state of the environment and forecasting of emergency situations;
collection, processing and exchange in accordance with the established procedure of information in the field of protecting the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, ensuring fire safety;
development and implementation of targeted and scientific and technical programs and measures to prevent emergency situations and ensure fire safety; planning the actions of the governing bodies and forces of the unified system, organizing the preparation and support of their activities;
preparing the population for actions in emergency situations;
promotion of knowledge in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergencies and ensuring fire safety;
management of the creation, placement, storage and replenishment of reserves of material resources for the elimination of emergency situations;
carrying out, within its powers, state expertise, supervision and control in the field of protecting the population and territories from emergencies and ensuring fire safety;
implementation of the necessary types of insurance within its powers;
carrying out measures to prepare for the evacuation of the population, material and cultural values to safe areas, their placement in these areas, as well as the life support of the population in emergency situations;
maintaining statistical reporting on emergency situations, participation in the investigation of the causes of accidents and disasters, as well as the development of measures to eliminate the causes of such accidents and disasters.

On high alert:

strengthening control over the state of the environment, forecasting the occurrence of emergencies and their consequences;
introduction, if necessary, of round-the-clock duty of heads and officials of the management bodies and forces of the RSChS at stationary control points;
continuous collection, processing and transmission to the authorities and forces of a unified system of data on predictable emergencies, informing the population about the methods and methods of protection against them;
taking prompt measures to prevent the occurrence and development of emergency situations, reduce the amount of damage and losses in case of their occurrence, as well as to increase the stability and safety of the functioning of organizations in emergency situations;
clarification of action plans (interaction) for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations;
bringing, if necessary, the forces and means of the RSChS into readiness to respond to emergency situations, the formation of operational groups and the organization of their advancement to the intended areas of operations;
replenishment, if necessary, of reserves of material resources created to eliminate emergency situations;
conducting, if necessary, evacuation and other measures.

In emergency mode:

continuous monitoring of the state of the environment, forecasting the development of emergencies and their consequences;
notification of heads of executive authorities, local self-government, organizations and the population about emergency situations that have arisen;
carrying out measures to protect the population and territories from emergency situations;
organization of work to eliminate emergency situations and comprehensive support for the actions of the forces and means of the RSChS, maintaining public order during their implementation, as well as involving, if necessary, in the prescribed manner, public organizations and the population in the liquidation of emergencies;
continuous collection, analysis and exchange of information about the situation in the emergency zone and in the course of work to eliminate it;
organization and maintenance of continuous interaction between federal executive authorities, executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and organizations on the elimination of emergency situations and their consequences;
carrying out measures for the life support of the population in emergency situations.

To coordinate activities in the field of civil defense and protection from emergencies, a commission for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations and fire safety is created at each facility. The Commission manages the development and implementation of measures to prevent emergency situations, improve the reliability of potentially hazardous areas, and ensure the sustainability of the organization in the event of an emergency.

The structure of this commission includes, as a rule, the head of the facility or his first deputy (chief engineer), one of the deputy heads, the chief of staff (department, sector) for civil defense affairs, the deputy chief engineer, chief specialists (technologist, mechanic, power engineer, head production), safety engineer, head of the financial authority, head of the personnel department, legal adviser, as well as officials responsible for warning and communication, radiation and chemical protection, maintenance and operation of shelters and shelters, emergency technical support, power supply and blackout, firefighting, logistics, medical support, transport, public order.

The working body of the commission of the facility is the headquarters (department, sector) for civil defense affairs. To identify the causes of emergencies directly at the sites or at the facility as a whole, predict and assess their scale and nature of emergencies, develop proposals for their elimination, operational groups of the necessary specialists are formed from the commission of the facility.

Authors: Smirnov A.T., Shakhramanyan M.A., Durnev R.A., Kryuchek N.A.

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