Economic and psychological protection in conditions of unemployment. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Economic and psychological protection in conditions of unemployment. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Unemployment affects primarily the financial situation of unemployed people and their socio-psychological well-being, so the main task of social policy should be to prevent mass unemployment, which is ensured by the normal functioning of social structures, and above all the economy and the social sphere.

Today, certain work is being carried out in our country to curb unemployment, not only at the state level, but also by local authorities, heads of enterprises and institutions. In addition to the measures mentioned above, such forms of curbing unemployment are practiced as leave without pay, the provision of financial assistance for the development of self-employment, the establishment of a quota for the admission of certain categories of the population (youth, disabled people, etc.) at enterprises. It is very important to introduce preferential taxation and preferential loans to enterprises that create additional jobs for women, youth and other categories of the population.

As already mentioned, with the transition to market relations and the emergence of unemployment in the country, employment services. Despite a short period of activity, they have become an important body for providing social assistance in employment, social protection of citizens who have lost their jobs.

Employment services at all levels solve the following tasks:

collection and dissemination of information on supply and demand in the local labor market;
advising employees on vocational training and employment issues;
professional orientation of all population groups;
payment of benefits for temporary unemployment;
advising entrepreneurs on the problems of employment and the use of labor force;
assistance in personnel planning of enterprises;
organization of retraining of the labor force released from production.

Currently, the main goal of the career guidance work of employment services is to help citizens who have lost their jobs to get a suitable place in the shortest possible time, taking into account their personal interests and the needs of the labor market. They provide professional and informational counseling, as well as psychological support.

Psychological support carried out within the framework individual consultation. It is necessary for those people who, having lost their jobs, are in a state of depression, characterized by reduced activity of behavior, a pessimistic attitude and poor health. Such people experience certain difficulties in communicating both with close people and acquaintances, and with potential employers. To work with them, special psychological techniques and methods are used, up to intensive psychotherapy.

There is a certain a list of problems with which the unemployed can be referred to a psychologist:

rejection of the status of unemployed ("Why me?");
the need for support, sympathy;
inadequate self-esteem, self-doubt;
request for stress relief and self-regulation;
conflict behavior during the reception;
professional self-determination;
discrepancy between the requested profession and the specialty according to the diploma;
choice of retraining profile;
issues of professional development, career.

After consultations with a person who has lost his job, his specific life situation is discussed, his capabilities and inclinations for this or that activity are identified, plans are made for further job search either in the previous specialty, or, after appropriate training, in an adjacent or new one. During this period, he is provided with comprehensive group support, which helps to expand information opportunities for employment, overcome the complexes that have developed as a result of unsuccessful job searches, change the style of her search, skillfully present his professional skills to the employer, and competently draw up documents for employment.

Psychological support is of particular importance in those regions where there are few or practically no vacancies for women or some rather rare specialists. It allows you to stop personal disintegration, help people believe in themselves, orient them towards self-employment, home work, development of subsidiary farming.

Information consultation provides a job seeker with detailed information about the availability of vacancies, about the enterprises where they are available, about the specialties corresponding to these vacancies, as well as information about where retraining and training can be obtained.

Professional advice includes the study of professional interests, increasing motivation to work, identifying the psychological and psychophysiological characteristics of the individual, providing recommendations on the most suitable for people looking for work, areas of activity, areas of vocational training.

Thanks to the transition to market relations, the range of opportunities for choosing a profession has expanded. However, due to lack of awareness, a person develops a misconception about many of them. It should be borne in mind that some type of activity that initially did not arouse interest can captivate with a more detailed acquaintance with it. Therefore, one of the main tasks is to draw the attention of the unemployed to those professions for which there are vacancies, to tell them in as much detail as possible. The consultant helps to choose the direction of professional activity that best suits the desires and inclinations of the person. It is a direction, not a profession. Then the list of specialties included in the profession is jointly discussed. If the counselor was able to find a new profession for himself and there is a vacancy for it, the specialists of the retraining departments, together with the unemployed, determine the educational institution where he can get it.

Professional counseling can be individual or group. Individual counseling It is carried out in an isolated room with complete confidentiality for quite a long time, sometimes even for several days. It allows you to get comprehensive information about various areas of activity, to be tested in order to identify your capabilities. Group counseling to a greater extent is informational in nature and aims to give the unemployed the most complete picture of the services provided by the employment service.

Personal consultation It is carried out if the psychologist feels that something is preventing a person from making a decision. An obstacle can be both external factors, which the counselee for some reason is silent about, and features of his character (high anxiety, uncertainty, indecision, etc.), which is revealed through personal diagnostics and the use of various methods.

Professional selection conducted in order to identify individuals who are able to work successfully in a particular specialty. With the help of testing on psychological devices or a computer, as well as using blank psychological methods, the possibilities, personal qualities, and abilities of the unemployed are determined, which are then correlated with the requirements of the profession for a person. Analysis of the results according to certain criteria allows us to conclude whether a person can successfully work in this profession.

This time-consuming, complex examination takes a lot of time, and it must be carried out by highly qualified specialists. It is usually carried out by employment services at the request of employers on a contractual basis as an additional service. As the main service, professional selection of persons sent for training in various specialties is carried out. This selection aims to reduce dropouts in the learning process and allows more efficient use of funds allocated for the training of the unemployed.

Some employment centers organize so-called study place fairs for young people and high school students. They sometimes provide information about the situation on the labor market, about educational institutions, admission conditions, information about faculties and specialties, the amount of tuition fees and scholarships, about preparatory courses, data on short-term courses of vocational training and retraining. Fair visitors receive advice on retraining, they can get answers to their questions from lawyers, economists, and other specialists.

Vocational guidance is a priority direction of the state policy to promote employment of the population. It allows reducing the general level of social tension, increasing the degree of social adaptation of the population to modern living conditions and the level of social and professional activity of people.

These are the main activities of state structures, in particular employment services, to assist the unemployed. But finding a job with their help does not suit everyone, so it is advisable to dwell on the option of a person’s independent struggle with unemployment. This rather painful problem, according to some experts in the field of survival, may include solving such problems as preventing unemployment, mastering new professions, the ability to leave work correctly, the psychological attitude to find a job, the mechanism for finding a job, the style of communication when looking for it , job creation, job consolidation.

As has been repeatedly noted, the main problem of people who have lost their jobs is psychological, so the first commandment of an employee in our time is readiness to lose a job. And this implies unemployment prevention, i.e. a constant search for vacancies even when there is a suitable job. You should not miss a single job offer without trying to "mothball" it for the future. To do this, you need to exchange business cards, phone numbers, constantly talk about your readiness to change jobs, so that acquaintances regularly report new vacancies.

Various part-time jobs can also be considered as prevention of unemployment, which, in the event of a loss of a place, can turn into the main income. Therefore, it is advisable to look not for one-time, even well-paid, earnings, but for those that give, albeit less, but constant earnings, allow you to build long-term industrial relations with the employer.

To some extent, a craft can replace extra earnings, and sometimes the main job, if, of course, there is a predisposition to this. In addition, we must remember that its products must be competitive. This level is achieved, as a rule, by years of hard work.

From the point of view of preventing the threat of unemployment, it is impossible for all family members to work in one place, especially in one specialty. In this case, there is a high probability that they may lose their jobs at the same time. As for extra earnings and mastering the craft, on the contrary, joint work is very useful. Firstly, you can complete more orders, and secondly, teach children certain skills that will help them survive in the future.

An important element of family survival during unemployment is saving. It is advisable to create family inviolable "unemployment fund" - Monthly set aside a certain amount for a rainy day. In difficult times for the family, it can become the basis for starting or developing a family business or for getting a new profession, and also help save the family budget from instant collapse. This is a very difficult task, since most families in the stable times of Soviet power were used to living from paycheck to paycheck, and when extra money appeared, spend it on some scarce goods. In the conditions of today's instability, it is best to keep money in different accounts and in different banks, including some in foreign currency.

prudently acquire a new profession before unemployment hits.

Experts give the following recommendations:

timely apply for courses that are better related to the profession that is in demand today (accountant, programmer, guide, tourism agent, manager, etc.), while concluding an agreement, if they promise employment, find out the addresses of course graduates and ask them about employment prospects (do not trust courses if they do not guarantee employment);
look for teachers of the profession of interest at the place of their work, since in their environment you can find part-time jobs and consultants; establish friendly relations with them or interest them in interest from future earnings, delve into the essence of the profession, watching the work of professionals;
if possible, get a part-time job, and give part of the earnings to teachers for consultations.

Each person has such moments when the question arises of changing jobs, which is very problematic in conditions of its shortage. IN situations of possible dismissal from work experts recommend observing the principle of medical care - "do no harm." First of all, it is necessary to try to stay at the old place of work through a compromise, taking on new responsibilities, moving to another position, re-registering for a part-time job or taking leave without pay, etc.

If, nevertheless, the dismissal is inevitable and seems unfair, legal knowledge and legal advice will not interfere, in order to find weaknesses in the actions of the management and try to be reinstated, using their mistakes. To restore justice, one should seek support in public organizations of a social orientation, hire lawyers together with other unemployed, since acting together is cheaper and more effective. If legal and social pressure on the authorities related to illegal dismissal does not help, you need to go to court. Under any circumstances, you should keep in touch with former colleagues, since good relations with people are the main wealth of the unemployed.

In the event that you are going to leave of your own free will, you should collect more documents confirming your specialty, skill level, non-standard thinking (patents, certificates of rationalization proposals, won competitions, etc.), as well as testimonials and letters of recommendation in order to when applying for a new job, show yourself from the most favorable side. Before dismissal, you need to bring all the cases to the end in order to leave a good impression of yourself, in no case should you "burn bridges behind you", "slam the door", quarrel with the team, and speak sharply about the authorities. It is possible that later you will need the help of former colleagues in finding a job, their advice on any issues, as well as permission from the management to use office equipment, a computer, etc.

What to do if unemployment has nevertheless become a reality, a real fact of your being? First of all, do not panic, but prepare mentally for a job. And here the help and support of relatives and friends is very important. The worst thing is when a person falls into depression. Its manifestations are very diverse, but persistent (lasting more than two weeks) bad mood is characteristic of any form of depression. Today, unfortunately, only about a third of cases of this disease are recognized. For home diagnosis, you can use a simple test. See if you or your family and friends are experiencing any of the following signs.

Main:

low or sad mood;
loss of interest and desire to have fun;
increased fatigue.

Additional:

decreased ability to concentrate;
low self-esteem or self-doubt;
guilt;
pessimistic vision of the future;
suicidal thoughts or actions;
sleep disturbance;
loss of appetite.

In severe depression, 3 main and at least 4 additional signs are observed, in moderate depression - 2 main and 3 additional signs, in mild depression - 2 main and 2 additional signs.

As mentioned earlier, people who are in a state of depression experience certain difficulties in communicating both with loved ones and acquaintances, and with potential employers. But looking for a job is always contact with people, communication. You need to be able to get acquainted, win over yourself, correctly formulate your thoughts and requests, etc. Therefore, if you or your relatives and friends have depression, then first of all you need to do everything so that they undergo psychological counseling, and if this is required by a mental state, then and a course of treatment and psychological rehabilitation.

In order to get ready for a job, you need to overcome a number of negative moral and psychological factors. Primarily - shame.In the minds of most Russians, the idea was established that being unemployed is shameful, since it means that you turned out to be worse than others. It is also a shame that they are not able to ensure the well-being of their family, their loved ones. There is a failure syndrome. People often hide the true state of affairs. But this game of well-being often fails, as others do not see that a person needs help or believe that he is able to get out of any impasse. Another reaction to dismissal - irritation. The whole environment and all people cause a negative reaction, especially bosses, both past and future. In such a state, as a rule, work is not asked, but demanded, and in a raised voice, which does not lead to a positive result.

More constructive position - acknowledgment of one's unhappiness on the principle of "what is - what is." Do not waste time and energy on maintaining the image or being angry. Let at this stage of life you have lost, but you need to do everything possible to get out of this situation. It is difficult to accept such an attitude, but if it succeeds, then many problems will disappear. You need to clearly and clearly tell yourself and those around you that you have lost your job, you need a job, that you are not asking for alms, not money, but the opportunity to earn them. Asking for a job is not begging, but looking for it. Hiding your true position when looking for a job is the same as hiding the symptoms of an illness at a doctor's appointment, that is, getting an incorrect diagnosis, and hence the wrong treatment. And unemployment is the same disease.

In a word, if you do not overcome the feelings of shame and irritation associated with the loss of a job, if you do not tune in to the adequate behavior of a person looking for a job, then the effectiveness of its search decreases many times over. But no matter how the situation associated with finding a job, you need confidence in success. Without this, the search is meaningless.

job search engine, according to experts in the field of human survival, is as follows:

you should start the search at the place of your previous job, but offer your candidacy for another position, while broadly interpreting the scope of professional duties;
the search for a job must be carried out systematically: note where they have already looked for it, with whom and what they talked about;
• daily to process announcements and specialized newspapers;
seek help in finding a job from relatives and friends, do not be shy from time to time to remind about your request;
use state bureaus and commercial firms for employment, public organizations;
agree to additional earnings and seasonal work in order to expand the possibilities of finding a permanent job (new professions, new acquaintances, etc.);
it is obligatory to engage in a direct job search, contacting personally, by means of communication and correspondence with promising enterprises.

If a job is found, then The most important thing is not to lose it again. This requires some effort. Knowledge of specific ways, allowing you to save your job. We list some of them:

at a new place of work, you should become as much a necessary specialist as possible, for which you need to constantly improve your skills, master technologies and equipment that other employees cannot or do not want to master;
make a career, occupy key positions, under the threat of dismissal - start long-term projects;
with new colleagues one should be polite and helpful, avoid intrigues and squabbles;
if the question of dismissal is raised, everything possible must be done so that it does not take place, that is, do what has already been said when it came to the prevention of unemployment and the procedure for leaving work.

You can try to find a job in another region. It is easiest to find a job in the center - Moscow, St. Petersburg. It is more difficult to do this in the provinces and rural areas, since today money "turns" mainly not in production, but in the service sector and trade, that is, where there are most consumers. But in order to find a job in Moscow or another major center, you need to have good connections, a rare specialty or high qualifications. If these advantages are not present, then one must either go into business or be content with low-profile professions related to service.

In recent decades, Russian citizens often try to find work abroad. But this is associated with some technical, legal and moral problems. It should be remembered that not everything abroad is acceptable to the Russian mentality. In addition, job offers abroad must be treated very carefully to avoid fraud and arbitrariness.

These are, in the most general terms, the forms and methods of economic and psychological protection in the face of such a dangerous social phenomenon as unemployment, as well as the most accessible ways to find work.

Conclusions

Under the conditions of the transition to market relations, unemployment, officially recognized at the highest level, has become a reality of Russian social life. However, despite this, in our country there is still no developed institution for protecting the rights of the unemployed, effective mechanisms for their socio-psychological support, trade unions capable of defending the interests of workers, and an appropriate legislative framework. To overcome such a negative trend, a balanced state social policy is needed, aimed at curbing unemployment, maintaining the standard of living achieved by people and ensuring its growth, expanding access to education and improving their qualifications. Ignoring this can lead to irreversible processes in the social and spiritual spheres and an increase in social tension in society, with all the ensuing consequences.

A well-organized and effective economic and psychological protection plays a huge role in supporting people in conditions of unemployment. At present, certain work is being carried out in Russia in this direction: a network of employment services has been deployed, career guidance work, including psychological support, information, professional and personal counseling and professional selection. These measures allow, to some extent, to reduce social tension, neutralize negative socio-psychological processes in society and increase the level of professional activity of people. But at the same time, employment service bodies at all levels are still not sufficiently engaged in vocational guidance for young people to prepare them for work in a developing market, they pay little attention to expanding the network of accessible training centers for vocational training, vocational training, retraining and advanced training of laid-off workers and unemployed citizens.

The state policy in the field of employment, of course, plays an important role in the social adaptation of Russian citizens to modern living conditions, but their own social activity in keeping a job and looking for it, if the fact of unemployment has become a reality, is no less important. Knowledge of the most accessible individual ways to combat unemployment, job search techniques are important conditions for personal and family survival in a period of socio-economic instability.

Authors: Gubanov V.M., Mikhailov L.A., Solomin V.P.

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