military emergencies. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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military emergencies. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

In recent years, significant changes have taken place in the world in the military-political and socio-economic fields. Experts believe that one of the important features of armed struggle now and in the future is that in the course of war and military conflicts, not only military facilities and troops, but also economic facilities and the civilian population will be under attack.

The armed forces of the XNUMXst century, according to foreign military theorists, should be used not so much to conduct traditional military operations, but to deprive the enemy of the possibility of resistance by destroying his most important economic and infrastructure facilities. This can be achieved by the extensive use of forces intended for special operations, air and sea-based cruise missile strikes, as well as the massive use of electronic warfare. These methods have already been used in practice by the United States and NATO in their operations in Iraq and Yugoslavia. According to experts, hostilities will acquire a much larger spatial scope and become more fleeting, but this will not necessarily mean a reduction in the overall duration of hostilities.

Wartime dangers have characteristic features inherent only to them:

firstly, they are planned, prepared and carried out by people, therefore they are more complex than natural and man-made ones;
secondly, the means of destruction are also used by people, therefore, in the realization of these dangers, there is less spontaneous and accidental, weapons are used, as a rule, at the most inopportune moment for the victim of aggression and in the most vulnerable place for her;
thirdly, the development of means of attack always outstrips the development of adequate means of protection against their impact, therefore, for some period of time they have superiority;
fourthly, the latest scientific achievements are used to create means of attack, the best specialists and the most advanced scientific and production base are involved; this leads to the fact that it is virtually impossible to defend against some means of destruction (nuclear missile weapons);
Fifth, an analysis of the trends in the evolution of military dangers indicates that future wars will increasingly acquire a terrorist, inhuman character, and the civilian population of the warring countries will serve as an object of armed influence in order to undermine the will and ability of the enemy to resist.

In the event of the emergence of local armed conflicts and the deployment of large-scale wars, the sources of emergency situations of a military nature will be the dangers arising during the conduct of military operations or as a result of these operations. The characteristics of these hazards are given in Table 1.

Table 1. Dangers arising from the conduct of military operations or as a result of these operations

military emergencies

Military dangers will arise from the use of nuclear, chemical, biological and conventional weapons.

Nuclear weapons is by far the most powerful weapon of mass destruction. The damaging factors of this weapon are a shock wave, light radiation, penetrating radiation, radioactive contamination and an electromagnetic pulse.

In terms of the scale and nature of their action, nuclear weapons differ significantly from other means of armed struggle. The almost simultaneous impact of its damaging factors determines the combined nature of the effect on people, equipment and structures.

Chemical weapons is also one of the weapons of mass destruction. Its damaging effect is based on the use of toxic chemical warfare agents (BTCS). Combat toxic chemicals include poisonous substances (OS) and toxins that have a damaging effect on humans and animals, as well as phytotoxicants that can be used to damage various types of vegetation.

A variety of chemical weapons are binary chemical munitions. These munitions are based on the principle of refusing to use a ready-made toxic product and transferring the final stage of the technological process for obtaining OM into the munition itself. This stage is carried out in a short period of time after the projectile is fired (missile launch, bomb drop). During this time, the ammunition destroys the devices that isolate the separately safe components of the OM and intensive mixing of the components, which contributes to the rapid reaction of the formation of a poisonous substance.

The use of chemical weapons can result in severe environmental and genetic consequences, the elimination of which will require a long time and great efforts.

bacteriological weapon - These are biological agents (bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi and toxic products of their vital activity) distributed with the help of live infected disease carriers (rodents, insects) or in the form of powders and suspensions in order to cause mass diseases of people, farm animals and plants.

As bacterial agents, pathogens of various especially dangerous infectious diseases can be used: plague, anthrax, brucellosis, glanders, tularemia, cholera, yellow and other types of fever, spring-summer encephalitis, typhus and typhoid fever, influenza, malaria, dysentery, natural smallpox.

Bacteriological weapons have some features that distinguish them from other means of destruction.

These include:

the ability to cause mass diseases of people and animals;
long duration of action (for example, spore forms of anthrax bacteria retain their damaging properties for several years);
the difficulty of detecting microorganisms and their toxins in the external environment;
the ability of pathogens and their toxins, together with the air, to penetrate into unsealed shelters and premises, infecting people and animals in them.

К conventional means of destruction include fire and strike weapons using artillery, anti-aircraft, aviation, small arms and engineering ammunition equipped with conventional explosives, high-precision weapons, volumetric explosion ammunition, incendiary mixtures and substances, as well as some of the latest types of weapons (infrasonic, radiological, laser).

Cruise missiles occupy a special place among high-precision weapons. These missiles are equipped with a complex combined control system that directs them to targets according to pre-compiled flight maps, including at low altitudes, which makes it difficult to detect them and greatly increases the probability of hitting the target. Guided aerial bombs, reconnaissance-strike, anti-aircraft and anti-tank missile systems are also high-precision weapons.

Recently, volumetric explosion ammunition has become widespread. The principle of operation of such ammunition (vacuum bombs) is based on the principle of undermining the fuel-air mixture. Their main damaging factor is a shock wave, the power of which is several times higher than the energy of an explosion of a conventional explosive. In addition, during the explosion, the temperature reaches 2500-3000°C. As a result, a lifeless space about the size of a football field is formed at the site of the explosion.

The damaging effect of incendiary weapons is based on the direct impact on a person of high temperatures created during the combustion of incendiary substances and mixtures. Incendiary weapons are divided into incendiary mixtures (napalm), metallized incendiary mixtures based on petroleum products (pyrogel), thermite and thermite compositions, white phosphorus.

Recently, a significant threat to Russia is beginning to pose an international and domestic terrorism.

In world legal practice, this type of threat to life safety is considered as the most dangerous crime. By goals, terrorism is divided into political, nationalist, religious, selfish and unaddressed, and by scale - into individual, group, state and international.

Political terrorism aims to gain political power in the country. There are two types of such terrorism. Left-wing terrorism arising as a result of social conflict, when the economic situation of the state and the population deteriorates sharply. Right-wing terrorism expresses the desire of some part of society to establish a reactionary totalitarian regime. As a rule, it is imbued with the spirit of chauvinism, racism, Nazism and anti-communism. Class terrorism is a kind of political. However, its object is not politicians or public figures, but representatives of a certain class (social group).

Nationalist terrorism is organized and carried out by ethnic groups that seek to achieve independence from the state, or to ensure the superiority of their nation over others. The purpose of such terrorism may also be the protection of territorial integrity or the preservation of one's ethnic group.

Religious terrorism is usually carried out in order to establish one's religion as the main one. In this case, the object of terror can be not only religious figures, but also people professing another religion.

Self-serving terrorism aims to illegally obtain financial resources by taking hostages. Sometimes terrorists put forward political demands along with financial ones.

Unaddressed (psychological) terrorism is usually not motivated. At the same time, mental aggression is practically the only reason for committing a terrorist act and is demonstrative.

Individual terrorism is the violence carried out by one person in relation to others. It can also be described as a personal rebellion against society.

Group terrorism is organized and carried out by a group of people who pursue certain goals and have an organizational structure. This type of terrorism is the most widespread and massive.

State terrorism is expressed in the policies pursued by politicians and parties in power in the country. As examples of the conduct of state terror, one can cite the activities of the fascist regimes in Germany and Italy, the Pol Pot regime in Cambodia.

International terrorism, as a rule, is carried out on the territory of several countries. It can be carried out not only against citizens and various organizations, but also against states in general. A striking example of such terrorism is the destruction of the buildings of the World Trade Center in the United States (2001), the explosion in the subway in Moscow (2004), the explosions in Spain (2004).

Authors: Smirnov A.T., Shakhramanyan M.A., Durnev R.A., Kryuchek N.A.

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