Water, its pollution and consequences. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Water, its pollution and consequences. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Consumption water all over the world is spent on industrial, domestic and drinking needs, on land irrigation and agricultural water supply, as well as on other needs. Therefore, it turns out that when used, water is first polluted and then discharged into reservoirs. Inland water bodies are polluted by wastewater from various industries (metallurgical, oil refining, chemical, etc.), agriculture and housing, as well as surface runoff. The main sources of pollution are industry and agriculture.

Pollutants are divided into biological (organic microorganisms) that cause water fermentation; chemical, changing the chemical composition of water; physical, changing its transparency, temperature and other indicators.

Biological pollutants enter water bodies with domestic and industrial effluents, mainly from food, biomedical, pulp and paper industries. This type of pollution is estimated by the biochemical consumption of oxygen, which is consumed in 5 days by microorganisms that are destructors for the complete mineralization of organic substances contained in 1 liter of water.

Chemical pollution enters water bodies with industrial, surface and domestic effluents. These include: petroleum products, heavy metals and their compounds, mineral fertilizers, detergents. The most dangerous of them: lead, mercury, cadmium.

Physical pollution enters water bodies with industrial effluents, discharges from mine workings, quarries, washouts from industrial zones, cities, highways, due to the deposition of atmospheric dust.

As a result of anthropogenic activity, many water bodies of the world and our country are extremely polluted. The level of water pollution according to individual indicators exceeds the maximum permissible norms by dozens of times. The highest level of water pollution is observed in the river basins: Dniester, Pechora, Ob, Yenisei, Amur, Northern Dvina, Volga and Ural, i.e. rivers located directly in the industrial and agricultural zones.

Anthropogenic impact on the hydrosphere leads to a decrease in drinking water reserves; changes in the state and development of the flora and fauna of water bodies; disruption of the circulation of many substances in the biosphere; decrease in the biomass of the planet and, as a result, to the reproduction of oxygen.

Dangerous are not only primary pollution of surface waters, but also secondary ones, which were formed as a result of chemical reactions of substances in one environment. For example, with the simultaneous entry of phenols and chlorides into the river in the spring, dioxins are formed that exceed the permissible values by many times.

Author: Muradova E.O.

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