Russian system of environmental safety. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Russian system of environmental safety. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

The scientific and technical policy in the field of environmental protection, adopted in 1997, was built on the basis of the Government program "Structural adjustment and economic growth in 1997-2000". Accordingly, the following main directions of activity: deepening reforms in the scientific sphere, strengthening the role of the state in regulating the development of Russian science in the system of market relations, maximizing the use of the capabilities of the scientific and technical complex created in the country in the socio-economic and spiritual development of society.

The main state structure responsible for the state of environmental safety in Russia is the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection (Goscomecology of Russia). Its main task is scientific, methodological and regulatory support for the development and improvement of the state system of environmental quality management, as well as the development of measures aimed at improving the efficiency of environmental activities in order to implement the development strategy of the Russian Federation.

К strategic structure-forming tasks include the following:

development of the main directions of state policy in the field of environmental protection;
development of a legal, regulatory, methodological and metrological base in the field of the environment and rational nature management;
improvement of administrative mechanisms for environmental quality management (environmental certification, licensing, audit);
development of economic mechanisms for environmental quality management;
ensuring environmental safety (assessment of environmental risk, forecast of the development of the environmental situation, etc.);
development of information and analytical system;
conservation and restoration of natural ecosystems;
formation of a system of environmental education, upbringing and enlightenment;
fulfillment of Russia's international obligations in the field of the environment in solving interstate and global environmental problems. Within the framework of these areas, the annual State Report "On the State of the Environment of the Russian Federation" is published, the activities of the territorial committees for environmental protection of the State Committee for Ecology of Russia are analyzed, and research is carried out to prepare and provide the State Committee for Ecology of Russia with analytical information on the state of the environment.

Analysis of information on the state of the main natural resources of the Russian Federation, information on the environmental situation in the republics, regions, autonomous districts, cities and industrial centers, on the features of the impact on them of industry, transport, utilities and agriculture, as well as on the measures taken by state regulation of nature management and environmental protection allows you to do the following main conclusions:

1. For the period 1993-1997. annual average concentrations of suspended particles, sulfur dioxide, phenol and formaldehyde decreased by 5-13%, concentrations of ammonia, carbon disulfide, hydrogen fluoride and soot - by 16-37%. During the same period, the average concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide increased by 5-11%.

As of 1997, more than 65 million people living in 187 cities are exposed to air pollutants whose average annual concentrations exceed MPCs.

Studies of wet and dry deposition of acidifying compounds of sulfur and nitrogen showed that the average for the period 1981-1997. The concentrations of air pollutants that determine transboundary pollution are relatively low and, according to existing ideas, should not cause noticeable negative environmental effects in the northwest of Russia.

The most unfavorable, in terms of ozone losses and excess doses of ultraviolet radiation, are Eastern Siberia and the north-west of the European territory of Russia. However, apparently, even the low level of ozone in winter and spring remains high enough to prevent the appearance of excessive doses of ultraviolet radiation on the Earth's surface.

2. The most common substances polluting the surface waters of Russia are oil products, phenols, easily oxidizable organic substances, metal compounds, ammonium and nitrite nitrogen, as well as specific pollutants - lignin, xanthates, formaldehyde, etc.

The total pollution of the waters of the Northern Dvina and Pechora rivers remained at the level of previous years. The level of pollution of the small rivers of the Kola Peninsula remains extremely high and high.

The water quality of almost all water bodies of the Volga does not meet the regulatory requirements, changing from "dirty" to "extremely dirty" in the upper and middle reaches to "polluted" in the lower reaches of this river.

The main part of the rivers of the Ob basin is characterized by a significant level of water pollution. The Ob River itself, its largest tributaries, a number of medium and small rivers, on which large industrial centers are located, are directly polluted.

The Irtysh River is one of the most polluted water bodies in the Omsk and Tyumen regions: the water of this river, as before, is characterized as "dirty" and "very dirty".

The water quality of the Yenisei and Lena basins has practically not undergone significant changes.

The area of agricultural land decreased by 7,9 million hectares, of which the area of productive land (arable land, fodder land) - by 3,34 million hectares.

The measures taken by the state to preserve soil fertility are clearly insufficient. None of the measures envisaged by the State Comprehensive Program for Increasing Soil Fertility has been implemented.

3. The lack of a legislative framework does not allow organizing a full-scale accounting of natural flora objects and ensuring the protection and rational use of its resources, especially in conditions when, in certain regions, important aspects of accounting and protecting vegetation are supervised by various ministries and departments.

4. In recent years, Russia has been taking measures to regulate and strengthen control over the removal of terrestrial invertebrates, amphibians and reptiles from the natural environment, as well as their trade.

5. In general, in 1997, radioactive contamination of the territory of Russia remained at the level of 1996. The average concentrations of radionuclides in the air were 5-7 orders of magnitude lower than the established safety standards, the concentration of strontium-90 in river waters was on average 2,5 thousand times lower than the permissible norms.

6. Based on data on levels of atmospheric air pollution in the Russian Federation, the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision Service found that about 15 million people are exposed to suspended particles of various substances, 14 million people are exposed to benzapyrene. More than 5 million people live in areas with a high content of nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen fluoride and carbon disulfide in the air, more than 4 million - formaldehyde and carbon monoxide, more than 3 million people - ammonia and styrene. More than 1 million people are exposed to elevated concentrations of benzene, nitrogen oxide, hydrogen sulfide. A number of territories are characterized by the presence in the air of asbestos, salts of heavy metals - lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, copper.

In Russia, over 60% of the population does not receive the required amount of fluorine with drinking water, while at the same time there is a high content of chlorides and sulfates in drinking water.

7. According to official information received from the regions of Russia, about 14 thousand monuments of history and culture are under the negative impact of environmental factors, including almost 12 thousand monuments - under the influence of factors of anthropogenic origin: 313 of them were lost during the year.

Anthropogenic impact factors are manifested mainly in the form of air pollution, vibration, flooding of the territory and other forms of environmental disturbance.

8. As of 1997, 1078 cities (99% of their number) and 1686 urban-type settlements (83%), as well as about 34 thousand rural settlements (22%) have centralized water supply systems. Water-pressure systems supplied the population with 14,6 billion m3 of water for domestic needs. In subsequent years, the trend of increasing pollution of almost all surface waters - sources of centralized water supply, whose share in the total volume is 68%, will continue.

9. The problem of environmentally safe waste management remains one of the most acute in the Russian Federation. By the beginning of the year, more than 1 million tons of toxic waste had accumulated in various industries.

10. In 1997, compared with the previous year, there was an increase in the total number of man-made emergencies. The number of cases of detection of radioactive sources increased by 75%, by 68% - accidents in life support systems, by 48% - accidents on cargo and passenger ships, by 31% - on main and infield pipelines, by 30% - chemical accidents.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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