The flow of substances into cities. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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The flow of substances into cities. Fundamentals of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

For the normal functioning of the city, they need a variety of products and raw materials. Below are the numbers intake of various substances to a city with a population of 1 million people (million tons / year):

Pure water	470,0
Air	50,2
Mineral construction raw materials	10,0
Coal	3,8
Raw oil	3,6
Ferrous metallurgy raw materials	3,5
Natural gas	1,7
Liquid fuel	1,6
Mining and chemical raw materials	1,5
Raw materials of non-ferrous metallurgy	1,2
Technical vegetable raw materials	1,0
Food industry raw materials, prepared foodstuffs	1,0
Energy chemical raw materials	0,22

As can be seen from the above data, the city consumes clean water the most: with a population of 1 million inhabitants, its amount is 470 million tons per year. Most of the water from the city enters natural streams, but already in the form of wastewater contaminated with various impurities.

In cities, fuel combustion is constantly carried out, which is accompanied by the consumption of oxygen, which is used primarily for the oxidation of hydrogen and carbon compounds. Calculations show that the millionth city consumes about 50 million tons of air a year.

The next largest flow of matter entering the city is mineral construction raw materials (up to 10 million tons/year), which serves as a source of dust entering the atmosphere.

Among technogenic flows, various types of fuel are important (in million tons/year): coal - 3,8; crude oil - 3,6; natural gas - 1,7 and liquid fuel - 1,6. The ratio of fuel types may be different, but each millionaire city receives up to 7-8 million tons of reference fuel per year.

A significant place is occupied by the supply of raw materials for industrial enterprises. Depending on the industrial specialization of the city, raw materials can be very different. The generalized model of a million city is a polyindustrial center, which has both ferrous metallurgy (3,5 million tons of raw materials) and non-ferrous metallurgy (1,2 million tons of raw materials). Mining and chemical raw materials amount to 1,5 million tons, technical vegetable raw materials - about 1 million tons, energy-chemical raw materials - within 0,22 million tons.

A special place is occupied by products used in the food industry and supplied directly to grocery stores, markets and public catering establishments. Residents of the city consume about 1 million tons of food products per year (including processing waste).

Thus, about 29 million tons of various substances enter the city-millionaire per year (excluding water and air); during transportation and processing, they produce a significant amount of waste, some of which has a negative impact on environmental objects. Part of the pollutants enters the atmosphere, the other part, together with wastewater, into water bodies and underground aquifers, and another part, in the form of solid waste, into the soil.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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