Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities with emergency situations. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Accidents at radiation hazardous facilities with emergency situations. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Radiation hazardous facility (ROO) - an enterprise where massive radiation damage can occur in case of accidents.

Radiation accident - an incident that led to the release (release) of radioactive products and ionizing radiation beyond the limits provided for by the project (boundaries of the zones of operating equipment) of enterprises in quantities exceeding the established safety standards.

Radiation accidents are divided into three types:

1) local (there was no release of radioactive products or ionizing radiation beyond the provided boundaries of equipment, technological systems, buildings and structures);

2) local (there was a release of radioactive products within the sanitary protection zone);

3) general (radioactive products have been released outside the sanitary protection zone and in an amount that leads to radioactive contamination of the adjacent territory and possible exposure of the population living on it above the established norms, and an emergency situation arises. In the event of such an accident, the ROO immediately notifies the population of nearby areas and local structures of the RSChS).

Consequences of radiation accidents

The main damaging factors in radiation accidents are radiation exposure and radioactive contamination. In addition, accidents can begin and be accompanied by explosions and fires.

Consequences of radioactive contamination:

1) large territories adjacent to the accident site and remote from it for many hundreds of kilometers are exposed to radioactive contamination, and an emergency situation arises;

2) radioactive contamination affects people, animals and other living organisms, plants of all kinds;

3) the damaging effect of radioactive contamination continues for a long time, while units of the RSChS and GO are deployed in the emergency zone, conducting reconnaissance and decontamination of the contaminated area using special equipment.

radioactive contamination in a general large-scale accident, structures, communications, technological equipment, vehicles, property, materials and food, agricultural land and the natural environment are affected.

The radiation effect on a person consists in the ionization of the tissues of his body and the occurrence of radiation sickness of various degrees. In this case, first of all, the hematopoietic organs are affected, as a result of which oxygen starvation of tissues occurs, the body's immune defenses sharply decrease, and blood clotting worsens.

To organize the protection of personnel and the public, advance zoning of the territory around radiation hazardous facilities is carried out.

Rules for the behavior of the population in case of radiation contamination of the area:

1) protect the respiratory organs with available personal protective equipment - wear gas masks, respirators, cotton-cloth bandages, anti-dust fabric masks or use improvised means (shawls, scarves, etc.);

2) if possible, quickly take cover in the nearest building, protective structure;

3) upon entering the premises, remove and place outerwear and shoes in a plastic bag or film, close windows and doors, turn off ventilation, turn on the TV, radio;

4) take a seat away from windows;

5) in the presence of a radiation dose rate meter (dosimeter, X-ray meter), determine the level of radiation;

6) seal the premises and protect food;

7) make a supply of water in closed vessels;

8) take medicines that are issued by medical institutions in the first hours after the accident;

9) strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene, which significantly reduce the internal exposure of the body;

10) leave the premises only when absolutely necessary and for a short time.

When leaving, protect the respiratory organs and wear raincoats, capes made from improvised materials and skin protection. After returning, change.

Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.

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