Natural emergencies of biological origin (mass diseases): epidemics, epizootics. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Natural emergencies of biological origin (mass diseases): epidemics, epizootics. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Epidemic - rapid and massive spread of an acutely contagious disease (infection) among people.

Infectious diseases in humans are diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms (germs).

The activity of the epidemic process changes under the influence of natural and social conditions (population density, housing conditions, sanitary and communal improvement of settlements, etc.).

The emergence and expansion of the epidemic process is possible if there is a source of infection, the mechanism of infection transmission, and human susceptibility.

Infected people and animals are called sources of infection.

Susceptibility - the ability of the human body, animal, plant to respond to the introduction, reproduction and vital activity of harmful microbes (development of the infectious process) with a complex of protective and adaptive reactions.

The mechanism of transmission of the pathogen (infection) includes the removal of the pathogen from the infected organism, its stay for a certain period in the external environment and the introduction of the pathogen into the body of a healthy person or animal.

Six main transmission mechanisms are known:

1) food (typhoid fever, dysentery, etc.);

2) water (cholera, typhoid fever, etc.);

3) airborne (meningitis, measles, influenza, etc.);

4) air-dust (pneumonia, tetanus);

5) contact household (flu, anthrax);

6) through transmitters (lice - typhus, ticks - encephalitis, etc.).

Epizootic - the state of prevalence of infectious diseases of farm animals in a specific area in a certain period of time.

Prevention of the spread of infections

Prevention is carried out in three main areas: elimination of the source of infection, exclusion of transmission routes of the infectious agent, increasing the immunity of people and animals (immunization).

Elimination of the source of infection includes:

1) disinfection - destruction of the pathogen in environmental objects, indoors, on territories, on linen, clothing, skin;

2) pest control - destruction of harmful insects in the external environment;

3) deratization - extermination of rodents.

If a focus of infection occurs in the infected area, quarantine or observation is introduced.

Observation is introduced when pathogens of infections that do not belong to the group of especially dangerous ones are identified, as well as in areas directly adjacent to the border of the quarantine zone.

Quarantine - complete isolation of the source of infection from the population (surrounding). Around the source of infection, as a rule, security is established, entry or exit, as well as the export of property, is prohibited.

Sanitary and hygienic measures include the obligatory observance of simple rules of personal and public hygiene.

Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.

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