Hygienic standards for the content of chemicals in food. OBZhD

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Hygienic standards for the content of chemicals in food. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

In Russia the content of chemicals in food exceeds hygienic standards in different years in 1-3% of the studied samples. Nitrates, being a natural constituent of plants, are present in amounts exceeding the maximum allowable levels in 2% of samples. Most often, chemical indicators in unacceptable concentrations are found in poultry and poultry products, in grain, baby food, honey and bee products.

Pesticides. In general, the presence of pesticides in food products can be assessed as insignificant, since samples exceeding the standard level are only 0,4%. Of the foodstuffs most contaminated with pesticides are meat and meat products (1,42% of samples), milk and dairy products, honey and beekeeping products (0,62%).

The number of food samples containing pesticides is more than 6%, which indicates a fairly wide prevalence of pesticides in food products. Most commonly found in food karbofos (3,2%), decis (1,5%), actelik (3,7%), chloroethanol (2,8%), benzophosphate (1,2%), ambush (1,3%), cymbush ( 3,7%), diazinon (1,3%), bayleton (1,4%), sumicidin (3,0%), dilor (2,0%), ramrod (2,4%), semeron (4,8, 1,8%), phenmedipham (2,4%), polycarbocin (2,8%), omite (4,4%), cineb (7,9%), propazine (1,2%), TILT (XNUMX, XNUMX%).

Mycotoxins. The high content of mycotoxins was most often detected in wild-growing food products (0,35%), however, in absolute terms, the priority remains for bakery and flour products - 20% of non-standard samples.

Nitrosamines traditionally most often found in meat products.

Heavy metals in elevated concentrations are most often found in wild plants, poultry products and fatty plant products, mercury - in fish (0,21%), lead - in baby food (0,62%), cadmium - in wild foods (1,36% ).

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1 nanometer transistors 28.11.2014

Researchers at the University of Glasgow in the UK and the University of Rovira and Virgilli in Spain have been able to turn individual molecules into transistors to store information.

Today, flash memory is used in almost every mobile device. Manufacturers are striving to meet the increasing demands of users for its volume. But soon they will face a limitation on the size of transistors, which cannot be less than 10 nm.

The essence of the new method is to create a cell from tungsten oxide molecules with a side length of about 1 nm. Inside this structure are placed two molecules of selenium trioxide, which in the normal state carry additional electrons and thus have a negative charge. By applying voltage with different polarity, the researchers were able to change the charge of the structure, in other words, its binary state.

The given state of the structure in laboratory conditions was maintained for at least 336 hours (that is, 14 days), which allowed the researchers to speak of the new memory as non-volatile.

"Using individual molecules will allow us to continue to scale down the process and, in theory, even overcome Moore's Law by learning to store multiple bits of data in a single molecule," project leader Lee Cronin, a professor at the University of Glasgow, told Wired.

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Meanwhile, some tasks before the creators of molecular memory still remain unresolved. This, in particular, concerns the speed of this type of memory. For example, it takes about 0,1 s to form the structure state, and 0,01 s to read the structure state. Both indicators are too high to speak of an effective commercial application.

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