|
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese|
BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Natural emergencies of a geological nature: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, landslides. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Earthquake - tremors and vibrations of the earth's surface resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth's crust or the upper part of the Earth's mantle and transmitted over long distances in the form of elastic vibrations. Geophysicists and astrophysicists explain the causes of earthquakes in different ways. For example, the Soviet researcher I.V. Kirillov explained the cause of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions by the ongoing process of the expansion of the Earth on a planetary scale, i.e. geological processes. Billions of years ago, the Earth was half the size, and it was covered with a "continent-type" crust, under which there is a red-hot mass. Simultaneously with the expansion of the Earth, it was cooling down as a result of breaks and faults with the release of an incandescent mass (magma), i.e. there was active volcanic activity with mountain building. The mountains that exist on Earth are of volcanic and tectonic origin. The earth had a single continent, which, over the course of several billion years, split into separate continents and large islands. This is confirmed by the coincidence of the configurations of the western part of Africa and the eastern part of South America, as well as volcanic activity in the places of the gap (central), passing along the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, where the Median Ridge of the ocean floor was formed; such median ridges are found in all oceans. And this process, according to I.V. Kirillov, continues to this day with cyclic fluctuations from several tens to hundreds of millions of years. Astrophysicists explain many processes on Earth, including geological ones, by the expansion of the solar system as a whole, as well as by the action of gravitational forces in the system of celestial mechanics. Once upon a time, the Earth (billions of years ago) was closer to the Sun, had a high rotation speed around its axis, and the day, respectively, lasted 3-4 hours. At the same time, the Earth was in a hot state. For billions of years, the Earth moved away from the Sun, the force of solar attraction weakened. This process was accompanied by the cooling of the Earth with its simultaneous expansion and the formation of continents, active volcanic and tectonic activity. This process of "escape" of the Earth from the Sun continues now, as evidenced by the increase in the length of the day by several seconds annually. Both geophysicists and astrophysicists consider the Sun to be the main "conductor" of all processes occurring both in the near-Earth space and in the deep layers of the Earth (from the surface to 50-100 km deep). It is no coincidence that the earthquakes in Armenia (Spitak) in December 1988 and in Iran in December 2003 occurred when the Earth was at the point of its orbit closest to the Sun. A number of geophysicists suggest that the "trigger" of earthquakes may be human activity when extracting large volumes of oil and gas from the bowels of the Earth. An example of this can be earthquakes in areas where oil was pumped out and gas was produced for many years (in Chechnya, Dagestan, Stavropol Territory), two earthquakes in Gazli (Uzbekistan), where gas was also produced for a long time, and in Iran in December 2003 It is quite possible that in November-January, two factors are superimposed on seismic activity - cosmic (the Sun) and anthropogenic (human economic activity). According to geophysicists, up to 100 earthquakes occur every year on the globe, mostly weak, fixed by special high-precision instruments - seismographs with magnetic recording and digital registration of vibrations. First, the seismograph captures longitudinal waves (P-waves, from Latin prima - "first"), then transverse waves (S-waves, from Latin secunda - "second"), which are larger in amplitude than P-waves. These waves usually decay quickly. L-waves come last (from Latin longo - "long"), i.e. surface waves causing great destruction. In 1935, C. Richter proposed a seismic 12-point intensity scale. During earthquakes, energy is released from the bowels of the Earth: with weak ones - 103 J, with strong, catastrophic ones - up to 1019 J (this is equivalent to the simultaneous explosion of hundreds of hydrogen megaton bombs). No wonder earthquakes are considered the most formidable of all natural phenomena that a person faces. Thus, the bowels of the Earth are shaken by a constant small "shudder" (100 thousand weak earthquakes annually), turning in some places into a resonant shock. The main cause of earthquakes lies in the structure of the Earth's interior, which is uneven and heterogeneous in terms of physical and chemical parameters from the surface to a depth of 800 km. The depth of the source of tectonic earthquakes is most often 50-100 km, but there have been cases when such earthquakes originated at a great depth - up to 800 km. The consequences of earthquakes К primary factors earthquake damage can practically be attributed only to sharp shocks and vibrations of the earth's surface. Secondary factors conditionally can be divided into natural and related to human activity. They cause dangerous geological phenomena - stretching, flow and subsidence of the soil, wide cracks in it, landslides, rockfalls, etc. The consequences associated with human activity include damage to buildings, fires, explosions, floods (in case of destruction of hydraulic structures - dams ), emissions of harmful substances, accidents, failure of life support systems (water supply, sewerage, heating mains). Strong earthquakes cause massive death and injury to people, both physical and mental. There is often panic. It is not yet possible to accurately predict the time and place of earthquakes, so it is impossible to rely on advance warning and informing about the threat of its occurrence. The main measure to ensure the safety of the life of the population is a set of economic, technical and organizational measures aimed at reducing the severity and scale of possible consequences. These may include: 1) creation of a special network for seismic observation and forecasting of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions; 2) determination of seismically hazardous areas in which volcanic eruptions are possible; 3) prohibition of construction in seismically hazardous areas and areas near active volcanoes of especially hazardous industries; 4) training the population in ways of self-rescue, mutual assistance and survival; 5) construction of earthquake-resistant buildings and structures. Volcanic eruptions in Russia they are observed periodically in Kamchatka - this is the Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano. Rules of behavior and actions of the population during earthquakes It is very important for a person to know where and when an earthquake will occur. Modern science has information about where such a natural disaster of one or another force can be, but it cannot yet predict the day and hour of it. Earthquake prediction work has been going on for decades, and some progress has been made in this direction in recent years. Earthquake harbingers, as already established, can be indirect signs. In the period preceding an earthquake, for example, the elevation of geodetic benchmarks takes place, and the parameters of the physicochemical composition of groundwater change. These features are recorded by special instruments of geophysical stations. The harbingers of possible earthquakes should also include some signs that the population of seismically hazardous areas should especially know; this is the appearance of the smell of gas in areas where the air was clean before and this phenomenon had not been observed before, anxiety of birds and domestic animals, flashes in the form of scattered light lightning, sparks of electrical wires closely spaced but not touching each other, a bluish glow of the inner surface walls of houses, spontaneous ignition of fluorescent lamps shortly before tremors. All these signs can be the basis for warning the population about a possible earthquake. Earthquakes have always caused people of varying degrees of mental disorders, manifested in incorrect behavior. An acute motor reaction is often followed by a depressive state with general motor retardation. As a result of this, as statistics show, most of the injuries among the population are explained by the unconscious actions of the victims themselves, caused by panic and fear. Is it possible to reduce the psychotraumatic impact of an earthquake on a person? Yes, it is possible - first of all, by cultivating in each person a sense of high citizenship, courage, self-control, discipline, responsibility for the behavior of not only himself and his loved ones, but also those around him at the place of residence, work or study. The well-established system of training the population in civil defense, explanatory work among the population, and comprehensive agitation and mass work contribute to the upbringing of these qualities to a large extent. In the event of a warning about the threat of an earthquake or the appearance of its signs, it is necessary to act quickly, but calmly, confidently and without panic. With advance warning of the threat of an earthquake, before leaving the apartment (house), it is necessary to turn off the heaters and gas, if the stove was heated, put it out; then you need to dress the children, the elderly and dress yourself, take the necessary things, a small supply of food, medicines, documents and go outside. On the street, you should move away from buildings and structures as soon as possible in the direction of squares, squares, wide streets, sports grounds, undeveloped areas, strictly observing the established public order. If the earthquake started unexpectedly, when it is not possible to get ready and leave the apartment (house), it is necessary to take a place (stand up) in the door or window opening; as soon as the first shocks of the earthquake subside, you should quickly go outside. At enterprises and institutions during an earthquake, all work stops, production and process equipment stops, measures are taken to turn off the current, reduce the pressure of air, oxygen, steam, water, gas, etc. Workers and employees who are part of civil defense formations are immediately sent to their assembly areas, the rest of the workers and employees occupy safe places. If, according to the conditions of production, it is impossible or impossible to stop the unit, furnace, production line, turbine, etc. in a short time, then they are transferred to a sparing mode of operation. When you are outside your apartment (house) or place of work during an earthquake, for example, in a store, theater or just on the street, you should not rush home, you should calmly listen to the instructions of the relevant officials on actions in the situation and act in accordance with such instructions. If you are in public transport, you cannot leave it on the go, you need to wait until the transport stops completely and get out of it calmly, letting children, the disabled, and the elderly go ahead. High school students should help the directorate and teachers in maintaining order among elementary school students. An earthquake can last from a few moments to several days (periodically repeating tremors). The approximate frequency of shocks and the time of their occurrence may be reported by radio and other available means. Your actions should be consistent with these messages. After the earthquake, or even during it, work will be carried out to provide assistance to the victims, to eliminate the consequences of the earthquake. First of all, such work will be carried out by persons who are members of civil defense formations. But the rest of the population, at the call of local authorities and self-government bodies, should take part in priority rescue and emergency recovery work in areas of destruction. Great assistance from the population can be provided to medical institutions and the medical service of civil defense in maintaining normal sanitary conditions in places of temporary resettlement (in tent camps, anti-seismic buildings) of the population affected by the earthquake. It is necessary to contribute to the prevention of outbreaks in such places of infectious diseases, which, as a rule, are satellites of natural disasters. In order to prevent the emergence and spread of epidemics, all anti-epidemic measures should be strictly implemented, vaccinations and medications that prevent diseases should not be avoided. It is necessary to carefully observe the rules of personal hygiene and make sure that all family members follow them, you need to remind neighbors and workmates about this. Other, more common emergencies of a natural geological nature in Russia are landslides and landslides. Collapse - separation and catastrophic fall of large masses of rocks, their overturning, crushing and rolling on steep and steep slopes. Landslides of natural origin are observed in the mountains, on the seashores and cliffs of river valleys. They occur as a result of the weakening of the connectivity of rocks under the influence of weathering, erosion or dissolution of the rock and the action of gravity. Landslide - displacement of rock masses along the slope under the influence of its own weight and additional load due to slope erosion, waterlogging, seismic shocks and other processes. They also occur on steep river banks. As a result of landslides and collapses, buildings and structures are destroyed, settlements and agricultural lands are destroyed, river channels are blocked, landscape changes, people and animals die. Landslides are most often triggered by heavy rains and soil erosion. They are also caused by insufficiently thought-out human activities, as a result of which the conditions for soil stability change (destruction of forest areas and uprooting even individual trees, excessive use of irrigation systems, mining and earthworks where the condition of the land has not been studied with sufficient completeness, etc.). The first sign of landslide movements that have begun is the appearance of cracks in buildings, gaps in roads, coastal fortifications and embankments, bulging of the earth, displacement of the base of various high-rise structures and even trees in the lower part relative to the upper one. Measures to prevent landslides and collapses and measures to reduce damage from them. The passive ones are: 1) monitoring the condition of the slopes; 2) prohibition of construction in areas of possible action of landslides and landslides; 3) protection of mountain pastures, plantations and grass on the slopes; 4) planting trees with a branched root system and deeply penetrating roots in combination with shrubs. Such plantings in areas prone to landslides and landslides have a double effect: firstly, they strengthen the soil with roots, and secondly, they actively absorb water, protecting it from waterlogging. Such forest engineering measures can be classified as active along with measures for the construction of engineering and hydraulic protection, which either delays masses of rocks or diverts them from buildings and roads. Observations are carried out either by road services for the operation of roads or railways, or by specialized stations and posts. The data obtained as a result of observation are presented in the form of forecasts (long-term, short-term and emergency). On the basis of these forecasts, various preventive measures are taken, notification and information of the population is organized. Rules of behavior and actions of the population during landslides Anti-landslide measures in which the population should take part are the diversion of surface water, the planting of trees and shrubs, the installation of various supporting engineering structures, the excavation of trenches in order to drain the soil of the landslide massif, the unloading and leveling of the landslide slope. In addition, the population living in areas prone to landslides should not allow abundant leakage of water from taps, damaged water pipes or standpipes. It is necessary to arrange drainage drains in a timely manner in case of accumulation of surface water (with the formation of puddles). With the threat of a landslide and if there is time, the population from dangerous areas is evacuated to safe places. Evacuation is carried out both on foot and using transport. Together with people, material values are evacuated, farm animals are driven away. During landslides, it is possible for people to fall under the ground, to strike and injure them with falling objects, building structures, and trees. In these cases, it is necessary to quickly provide assistance to the victims, if necessary, give them artificial respiration. Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.
▪ Rescue work at chemical facilities ▪ The influence of alcohol on the human body and its consequences ▪ The possibilities of civilization in the prevention and elimination of disasters
Machine for thinning flowers in gardens
02.05.2024 Advanced Infrared Microscope
02.05.2024 Air trap for insects
01.05.2024
▪ Concrete for building on Mars ▪ Digital barometric pressure sensor - altimeter Infineon DPS310 ▪ 868MHz wireless PIR sensor on the new CC1310 radio
▪ site section Power supplies. Article selection ▪ article General principles of survival. Basics of safe life ▪ article Who is the fastest quadruped? Detailed answer ▪ postman article. Job description ▪ article Tri-band antenna. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua |
We recommend interesting articles Section 
See other articles Section 
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
All languages of this page