General principles of survival. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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General principles of survival. Fundamentals of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

It happens that by the will of circumstances a person finds himself in a critical situation, one on one with nature. Often, before the arrival of help, those in distress have to exist autonomously. The basis of success in the fight against the forces of nature is the ability of a person to survive.

Under survival understand active expedient actions aimed at preserving life, health and working capacity in the conditions of autonomous existence. These actions consist in overcoming mental stress, inventiveness and resourcefulness, in the effective use of emergency equipment and improvised means, in providing the body's needs for food and water.

The main postulate of survival: a person can and must maintain health and life in the most severe climatic conditions, if he manages to use in his own interests everything that the environment gives. But this requires certain knowledge and experience.

When a person finds himself alone with nature, there is always a danger of an emergency: loss of orientation, loss of a team, vehicle accident.

From the very first minutes, a number of urgent tasks arise before people who find themselves in conditions of autonomous existence, the most important of which are:

overcoming the stressful state caused by an emergency;
providing first aid to victims;
protection from the adverse effects of environmental factors;
provision of water and food;
determining your own location;
establishing communications and preparing means of signaling. The duration of this period depends on a number of objective and subjective reasons that may promote or hinder human activity.

All factors affecting the ability to survive can be divided into 4 groups:

anthropological;
natural and environmental;
logistical;
ecological.

Anthropological factors characterize the state of human health, the constancy of its internal environment, the reserve capabilities of the body. This also includes psychological preparedness, moral and volitional qualities, active transformational activity, on which the predominance of positive or negative emotions will depend, as well as learning to act in conditions of autonomous existence.

To an unprepared person, the environment seems to be a source of all sorts of dangers; he is in constant anxiety. This state lasts from several minutes to several days. Thus, an important task of training is to psychologically prepare a person to overcome a possible emergency, increase his emotional and volitional stability, teach him to correctly understand and evaluate the current situation and act in accordance with it.

Natural and environmental factors - this is the temperature and humidity of the air, solar radiation, precipitation, atmospheric pressure level, wind, etc.

People are able to endure even the most severe natural conditions for a long time. However, getting into them for the first time as a result of the prevailing circumstances, they turn out to be poorly adapted to life in an unfamiliar environment. Therefore, the harsher the environmental conditions, the shorter the time of autonomous existence, the greater the effort required by the struggle for survival, the more strictly the rules of conduct must be followed, the more expensive the price paid for each mistake.

Logistical factors provide protective materials in conditions of autonomous existence: clothing, emergency equipment, food and water supplies, improvised means used for various purposes, etc.

Environmental factors arise as a result of human interaction with the environment. It can be all kinds of accidents, injuries, etc.

Physiological factors (pain, cold, thirst, etc.) under certain circumstances acquire special significance.

Pain. Injuries, inflammatory processes, exposure to high or low temperatures, acids, alkalis, etc. are accompanied by pain, which is a kind of protective reaction of the body. A person deprived of pain sensitivity is not able to assess the danger of severe, sometimes fatal injuries and will not be able to timely eliminate the cause that threatens his life.

But, on the other hand, pain, causing suffering, irritates, distracts a person, and acting for a long time, affects all his activities, makes him more vulnerable to adverse environmental influences. However, a person is able to cope with pain, even very strong. Focusing on solving any vital tasks, he can forget about the pain for a while.

Cold. By reducing physical activity and performance, cold also affects the human psyche. Not only the muscles become numb: the brain and will become numb, without which any struggle is doomed to defeat. Therefore, in the zone of low temperatures, human activity begins with measures to protect against the cold: from the construction of shelters, making fire, cooking hot food and drinking.

Heat. High ambient temperature, especially direct solar radiation, causes significant changes in the human body. Overheating disrupts the functions of organs and systems, weakens physical and psychological activity. Especially dangerous is the impact of high temperatures with a lack of drinking water, because in this case dehydration of the body occurs. The construction of a sunshade, the restriction of physical activity, the economical use of water supplies - all these measures greatly alleviate the situation of people in distress in the desert or tropics.

Thirst. Being a normal signal of a lack of fluid in the body, unsatisfied thirst becomes a serious hindrance in the case of autonomous existence. All thoughts and desires of a person are focused on a single goal - to get rid of this painful feeling.

Hunger. The set of sensations associated with the body's need for food can be considered as a typical, albeit somewhat delayed, stress response. It is known that a person can go without food for a long time, while maintaining efficiency, however, many days of fasting, especially with a simultaneous lack of water, weakens the body, reduces its resistance to cold and pain.

Overwork. This peculiar state of the body occurs after prolonged physical or psychological stress and is fraught with potential danger, since it dulls the will of a person, makes him compliant to his own weaknesses.

To avoid overwork and quickly restore strength allow the correct distribution of physical activity, as well as timely rest, which we must try to make as full as possible.

Fear. The feeling caused by real or apparent danger, the expectation of death, suffering, pain is called fear. This is one form of emotional reaction. In conditions of autonomous existence, the feeling of fear is often associated with the unknown, one's own weakness, the expectation of an attack by animals, etc. At the same time, the feeling of fear is a kind of danger warning system, signaling the need to take measures to eliminate the threat to life.

The emotional reaction of a person to this or that danger depends largely on his will, inner composure, ability to overcome the instinct of self-preservation. If you manage to suppress and control fear, it turns into a kind of catalyst for energy and determination. In a moment of danger, the body becomes like a cocked spring. The brain starts to work faster, the hearing becomes sharper, and the muscles seem to fill with an unknown force. But it is worth giving in to fear - and it will turn into a dangerous enemy, subjugating all thoughts and actions.

What tactics should be chosen, being in an extreme situation? Set out immediately to seek help - or wait passively for it? If the situation does not require immediate departure from the scene, it is better to stay, organize a camp, build a reliable shelter. This will help protect against bad weather and preserve strength for a long time, which is especially important if there are wounded in the group. In addition, in camp conditions it is much easier to organize hunting, fishing, picking berries, mushrooms and other wild edible plants. In some cases, such tactics will facilitate the actions of the search and rescue service, which received information about the accident in a particular area.

Having decided to stay in place, you need to draw up a detailed plan for further actions.

When developing a plan, you should consider:

organization of a temporary camp;
distribution of responsibilities among group members;
conducting reconnaissance on the ground and determining the location of the group;
provision of signaling and communications.

In conditions of autonomous existence, when a wide variety of injuries are possible - fractures, bruises, burns, etc. - knowledge of self-help and mutual help techniques is especially necessary, because you have to rely only on your own strength.

People who find themselves in emergency situations can worsen the condition of the victim by their actions.

Therefore, you need to know what not to do:

touch and drag the victim to another place if he is not in danger;
set prolapsed organs;
give water to the unconscious;
touch the wound with your hands;
remove visible foreign bodies from the abdominal, thoracic or cranial cavity;
leave the victim lying on his back unconscious, especially with nausea and vomiting;
remove clothes and shoes from the victim (it should be cut or torn);
allow the victim to look at his wound.

When providing assistance, it is necessary to follow a strict sequence of actions. First of all, the causes that directly threaten people's lives or contribute to a further deterioration in their health should be eliminated. The injured must be taken out of the affected area and immediately begin to provide first aid for health reasons: stop bleeding, perform artificial respiration, closed heart massage. After these urgent measures have been successful, you can proceed to the following actions: clean the wound, apply a bandage, immobilize the broken limb, administer painkillers, comfortably position and calm the victim.

Being able to provide first aid means saving people's lives and health!

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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