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Classification of emergency situations. Basics of safe life

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Emergency (ES) - this is a set of circumstances arising as a result of accidents, disasters, natural disasters, sabotage or other factors, when there is a sharp deviation of the occurring phenomena and processes from normal, which negatively affects life support, the economy, the social sphere and the natural environment.

When studying various aspects of the impact of the natural environment on human well-being, the factorial approach is most effective, considering the relevant risk factors that can complicate the existence of a person.

Natural factors:

• meteorological (temperature, wind, precipitation or lack thereof - drought);
• orographic (atmospheric rarefaction, avalanches, landslides, mudflows);
• geophysical (storms, earthquakes, tsunamis, magnetic anomalies);
• hydrographic (floods, bogging, underflooding, the ability of ground and surface waters to self-purify);
• geological (composition of rocks, the presence of radon, the amount of radiation, karst, minerals, tectonic faults);
• soil (trace elements, self-cleaning ability, dust formation, acid-base balance, soil composition and structure);
• fauna (poisonous and dangerous animals, carriers of pathogens, food resources);
• flora (poisonous and medicinal plants, food resources, air condition, bioindication of environmentally harmful agents);
• microflora of air, water, soil, animals, plants;
• biological components of objects (toxins, proteins, metabolic products);
• biocenoses (including natural foci of diseases).

Socio-economic factors:

• population (demography, resettlement, urbanization, migration, lifestyle, gender, age and professional composition, culture, customs, material well-being);
• territorial organization of society, economic use of land;
• physical pollution of air, water, soil (radiation, electromagnetic fields, thermal and sound effects, noise, aerosols);
• chemical pollution of air, water, soil, plants, animals, food, objects;
• biological factors (microbial pollution of air, water, soil, organic waste);
• industrial and transport factors (accidents, catastrophes);
• household factors;
• sanitary and hygienic condition and epidemic status;
• psychotraumatic factors (stress, fatigue);
• medical and veterinary services and infrastructure development.

Complex factors:

• landscape;
• zonal;
• planetary;
• historical;
• paleontological.

In emergencies, primary and secondary damaging factors arise. Primary factors include: collapse of buildings, exposure to static electricity discharges (lightning), air shock waves, landslides, mudflows, avalanches, electromagnetic or light effects. Secondary damaging factors include: explosions of equipment, fires, gas contamination, contamination, that is, this is a consequence of the primary impact on potentially dangerous elements of the object.

In an emergency situation, the following criteria can be distinguished for its assessment:

• temporary, that is, the suddenness of an emergency, the speed of its development;
• ecological, that is, the degree of irreversible changes in the natural environment, the mass death of animals, epidemics;
• psychological, causing stress, depression, fear, panic, phobias;
• political (increased conflict, tension in society);
• economic (material damage, failure of systems, structures, huge costs for restoration, mass use of equipment, as well as for training specialists);
• organizational and managerial (timely forecasting of the situation, the course of events, decision-making, bringing them to the executors, control over the implementation of decisions, involvement of specialists and organizations to solve the tasks, calculation of the possibility of conducting SIDNR).

RџSЂRё when planning civil defense activities, it is necessary to take into account the phases of development of emergencies:

• accumulation of deviations of various indicators from acceptable standards, specifications, state standards;
• triggering an emergency;
• the impact of the disaster consequences on the environment;
• the action of residual damage factors in order to prevent the resumption of emergencies or the aggravation of the situation;
• final liquidation of the consequences of emergency situations.

On particular situation and the severity of the consequences emergencies can be divided into:

• private (within the workplace);
• local, when up to 10 people were injured or living conditions of at least 100 people were violated, material damage was caused up to 1000 times the minimum wage and when the harmful consequences of the situation do not extend beyond the sanitary protection zone;
• local emergencies, which, in terms of impact, do not go beyond the boundaries of the municipality and when up to 50 people were injured or living conditions of up to 300 people were violated, and material damage caused - at least 5000 times the minimum wage;
• territorial emergencies that covered several districts, when up to 500 people were injured or the living conditions of up to 500 people were violated, and material damage amounted to 500 thousand minimum wages;
• regional emergencies covering the territory of at least two constituent entities of the Russian Federation, when up to 500 people were injured or up to 1000 people were violated, and material damage amounted to up to 5 million minimum wages;
• - global, when the consequences of an emergency extend to several regions or even states.

Classification of emergency situations

1. Technogenic emergencies

1.1. Transport accidents

Freight train crash with more than 15 injured

Passenger train crash if the number of victims is more than 4 people

Cargo ship accidents

Passenger ship accidents

Plane Crash

car accidents

1.2. Fires, explosions

At facilities (if more than 10 injured or 2 dead)

At objects with LVHZh, explosives that caused infection

On transport

in the mines

In residential buildings

1.3. Accidents with the release of SDYAV

If more than 10 people were injured or more than 2 people died

On transport

1.4. Accidents with the release of radioactive substances

At nuclear installations (if 10 injured or 2 dead)

At the FRFC with RH in the sanitary protection zone

When transporting RS (more than 100 MPC or MPC)

In a nuclear explosion (RD more than 10 MPC daily dose)

Accidents with nuclear warheads

1.5. Biological Release Accidents

NaOEi in research institutes

On transport

With biological munitions

1.6. Sudden destruction of buildings

Collapse of elements of transport communications

Collapse of industrial buildings

Collapse of housing stock

1.7. Accidents in electric power systems

Accidents at power plants with a long interruption in the supply of electricity

Accidents on power lines with a long interruption in the supply of electricity

Failure of electric transport networks

1.8. Accidents in utility networks

Sewerage at concentrations of pollutants exceeding the MPC by more than 10 times

Heating plants in the cold season

Plumbing

gas pipeline

1.9. Accidents at wastewater treatment plants

Industrial OE (emission over 10t)

Due to outgassing

1.10. Hydrodynamic accidents

Breakthrough of dams with flooding by their wave

Break of dams with their flooding due to floods

2. Natural emergencies

2.1. Geophysical hazards

Earthquakes

Volcanic eruptions

2.2. Geological hazards

Landslides

Seli

Landslides

Avalanches

inclined flush

Subsidence of loess rocks

Subsidence of the earth's surface due to karst

soil erosion

Dust storms

2.3. Meteorological phenomena

Storms

Hurricanes

Tornadoes

Flurries

Whirlwinds (wind speed over 30 m/s)

Large hail (hail crossbars 20 mm)

Heavy rain (if more than 12 mm of precipitation fell in 120 hours)

Heavy snowfall

Heavy ice

Severe frost, severe snowstorm (when the wind speed is more than 20 m/s)

Heatwave

heavy fog

severe drought

Severe frost

2.4. Marine hydrological phenomena

Cyclones, typhoons

Tsunami

strong excitement

Severe sea level fluctuation

Strong draft in the port

Strong ice in the port

Coastal ice break

2.5. Hydrological phenomena on land

Flood

Flooding

Rain floods

Congestion

wind surges

A sharp decrease in the water level below the norm

Early freeze up

Groundwater level rise

2.6. Fires

Lesnoy (fire area over 25 ha)

Steppe

On the peatlands

Underground fire in coal and oil seams

2.7. Infectious diseases

Single cases of the disease

Group cases (more than 50 people)

Epidemic outbreak (more than 15 people)

Epidemic

Pandemic (epidemic in several countries)

Infectious disease of unknown etiology (more than 20 people)

2.8. Infectious diseases of farm animals

2.9. Plant damage by diseases and pests

3. Environmental emergencies

3.1. Emergencies associated with changes in the state of the land

Drawdown, landslides, collapses due to the development of subsoil

The presence of heavy metals in the soil (more than 50 MPC)

Soil degradation due to erosion, salinization

Critical situations due to storage overflow with waste

3.2. Emergency due to changes in the composition of the atmosphere

3.3. Emergency due to changes in the state of the hydrosphere (aquatic environment)

3.4. Emergencies in the biosphere

4. Emergencies of a social and military-political nature

Unrest, antisocial protests of citizens

Fall of nuclear weapon carrier with damage Nuclear warheads

Single nuclear explosion

Sabotage at a military facility.

With the development of civilization, the frequency of extreme man-made and natural phenomena increases (Table 1.1), accompanied by an increase in human casualties and material damage [26].

Table 1.1. Average annual number of extreme natural events on Earth

In 1997, 1582 emergencies occurred in Russia (in 1996 there were 1076), and more than 1000 of them are man-made. Civil defense troops and search and rescue formations of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation participated in rescue operations more than 4500 times, more than 11 thousand people were saved by their efforts.

When analyzing accidents, it is possible to establish their main causes:

• shortcomings in the design of equipment and elements of the OE;
• insufficiently complete study of the location area; equipment failures due to structural imperfections;
• violation of documentation requirements, technology of manufacturing and installation of equipment elements and in the performance of "hidden" work;
• erroneous actions of personnel or violation of safety measures during the operation of equipment;
• occurrence of accidents and catastrophes on neighboring OE or product pipelines;
• lack of constant control over the state of production;
• the impact of external factors (natural disasters, the results of the use of various types of weapons, sabotage);
• the occurrence of accidents due to phenomena that have not yet been studied, which manifested themselves in the ONX, where various harmful substances are used.

A modern industrial OE is a complex engineering and technical complex, the success of which depends on the functioning of other enterprises in the industry, the provision of raw materials, fuel, components, the state of energy supply, transport, communications and many other components.

Measures to prevent accidents and disasters are extremely time-consuming. This is a set of organizational, technological and engineering measures to identify and eliminate the causes of accidents and catastrophes, ensure minimal damage and losses, create opportunities for S&D and restore production. Forecasting the situation in the area of ​​the accident is the main element of the activity of the working bodies of the Civil Defense and Emergency Situations in this territory. Based on the results of such forecasting, decisions are made and civil defense forces are grouped to eliminate the consequences of the accident.

The initial data for forecasting are:

• radiation levels (concentrations of harmful substances) "tied" to a specific place and time;
• probable losses, the degree of infection of objects;
• possible doses of exposure to people, their comparison with permissible doses and the impact of exposure on the performance of rescuers;
• the depth of spread of O3B with a damaging concentration, the persistence of harmful substances on the ground;
• the most expedient actions of the civil defense forces.

The size of the hazardous area depends on the amount and type of harmful substances, weather conditions, terrain, the presence and density of buildings.

Catastrophes, being large-scale violations of the ecological balance, often give rise to serious medical consequences. These are casualties among people and injuries of varying severity, an increase in the incidence of the population and animals, and a deterioration in the epidemic status (Table 1.2).

Table 1.2. Infectious morbidity of the population in emergencies

On the formation and change of the epidemic and sanitary-hygienic situation during emergencies influence:

• a sharp change in environmental conditions (increased migration of the population and animals, excessive reproduction of rodents, insects and other carriers of pathogens, violation of the ecological balance in natural foci, diseases);
• destruction of sanitary and hygienic and household facilities (sewerage, water supply, baths);
• reducing people's resistance to infectious diseases;
• deterioration in the conditions of accommodation of people (field conditions, crowding, pollution of water, products and the environment);
• failure of sanitary and epidemiological institutions (laboratories, hospitals with stocks of therapeutic and prophylactic agents);
• panic rumors about the state of affairs in the disaster area, which makes it difficult to carry out anti-epidemic measures.

Due to the presence in the lesion of a large number of uncleaned corpses, the absence or pollution of water, air temperatures of the order of 30 ... 40 ° C, extremely favorable conditions arise for the reproduction of microorganisms. The accumulation of refugees and the unsanitary conditions of their lives further exacerbate the consequences.

Particularly dangerous contagious (contagious) diseases are plague, cholera, smallpox, which are transmitted by the slightest contact with patients (Table 1.3).

Table 1.3. Classification of infectious diseases

In the event of a focus of infection, it is necessary to introduce a quarantine or observation regime on the territory, to carry out preventive and sanitary and hygienic measures. Pathogenic microorganisms, depending on the structure, biological properties and size, are divided into bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, fungi, prions, parasitic organisms (Fig. 1.1). A prion is a harmless cellular protein that, under certain conditions, is able to change its structure and turn into substances dangerous to the body. Prions can cause brain disease in humans and animals ("mad cow disease", dementia or death in humans). In size, prions are smaller than viruses - they are cells of the body, and the immune system does not react to them.

Microbial toxins are extremely dangerous, causing severe or fatal injuries. The process of the development of the epidemic can be deliberately facilitated. This question is the subject of biological weapons development. It is known that on the eve of the Middle Ages, the plague wiped out 100 million people. Today, this disease has become curable, but the nature of the aggressiveness of the plague microbe has not yet been unraveled. Even the common flu virus, which is resistant to modern drugs, kills people more effectively than napalm. It is possible to influence the course of the epidemic by infecting animals, plants, water and air.

Bacteriological weapons are incomparably cheaper than any other, and their production is easy to disguise. For example, antibiotic resistance was added to two American strains of tularemia, and they became "combat": if the mortality from ordinary tularemia did not exceed 10%, then these strains gave a lethality of more than 95%. In the 70s, many associated "legionnaires' disease" with its artificial origin. It was first identified among participants in a rally of veterans of the US armed forces ("American Legionnaires") in 1976. Then 30 people died from a lung infection (cough, flu, headache, acute form of pneumonia). It has been established that the bacteria of this disease "settle" in the smallest droplets of water (condensate) at a temperature of 35-37 ° C, and the main places of their reproduction are air conditioning systems, settling tanks of thermal power plants, air ducts of various kinds of shelters when they are insufficiently ventilated.

Rice. 1.1. Disease vectors

The territory in which there is a sharp deterioration in the epidemiological situation is called the focus of bacteriological damage (OchBP). The dimensions of the OchBP depend on the type and methods of spread of pathogens, weather conditions, terrain, the nature of development, the speed of establishing the type of pathogen and taking anti-epidemic measures. The borders of the OchBP are determined on the basis of data from laboratory studies of samples, identification of patients, analysis of the spread of diseases and migration routes of people.

Rice. 1.2. The focus of bacteriological damage

The elimination of BTs (Fig. 1.2) includes:

• bacteriological reconnaissance and identification of the pathogen;
• establishment of a quarantine or observation (surveillance) regime;
• sanitary examination, control of contamination of food, water, fodder and their disinfection;
• carrying out medical and evacuation, anti-epidemic, sanitary and hygienic and explanatory measures. Quarantine is a strict isolation of the area of ​​occurrence of especially dangerous diseases and their elimination. During observation, medical observation is organized for the population located or formerly in the focus of infection, in order to timely prevent the spread of epidemic diseases. An observation zone is established around the quarantine zone.

The PBP provides for the following activities:

• conducting protective vaccinations;
• establishment of the mode of operation of trade and public catering enterprises, excluding the possibility of introducing infections;
• prohibition of the export of any property from the OchBP;
• identification of patients or suspected of the disease;
• isolation, treatment, sanitation of personnel and the population, special processing of clothing, premises, terrain.

Quarantine and observation are removed after the expiration of the incubation (latent) period of the disease and the final special treatment in the lesion.

Authors: Grinin A.S., Novikov V.N.

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