History of psychology. Philosophical doctrine of consciousness (lecture notes)

Free technical library

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

History of psychology. Philosophical doctrine of consciousness (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Comments on the article

Table of contents (expand)

Development of psychological knowledge within the framework of the doctrine of the soul (The idea of the soul of the philosophers of the Milesian school. Heraclitus. The idea of development as a law (Logos). The soul ("psyche") as a special state of the fiery principle. Alcmaeon. The principle of nervism. Neuropsychism. The principle of similarity. Empedocles. The doctrine of the four "roots". Biopsychism . The principle of similarity and the theory of outflows. The atomistic philosophical and psychological concept of Democritus. Hippocrates and the doctrine of temperaments. The philosophical and ethical system of Socrates. The purpose of philosophy. The method of Socratic conversation. Plato: true being and the world of ideas. The sensory world and non-existence. The highest idea of the Good and world soul of Evil. Immortality of the soul. Aristotle's doctrine of the soul. Psychological views of the Stoics. Epicurus and Lucretius Carus on the soul. Alexandria School of Physicians. Psychophysiology of Claudius Galen)
Philosophical doctrine of consciousness (Plotinus: psychology as a science of consciousness. Augustine: Christian early medieval worldview)
Development of natural science (The heyday of natural science in the Arab East. Psychological ideas of medieval Europe. The development of psychology in the Renaissance)
Psychology of modern times in the 17th century (The main trends in the development of philosophy and psychology in the 17th century. Materialism and idealism. The philosophical and psychological system of R. Descartes. The materialist theory of T. Hobbes. The doctrine of B. Spinoza about the psyche. The sensationalism of D. Locke. G. Leibniz: the idealistic tradition in German philosophy and psychology)
Development of psychology in the era of enlightenment (England. Development of associative psychology. French materialism. Germany. Development of German psychology in the 18th-19th centuries. Philosophical stage in the development of psychology)
The formation of psychology as an independent science (Natural scientific prerequisites for the formation of psychology. The emergence of the first experimental branches of psychology
Main psychological schools (Crisis of psychology. Behaviorism. Psychoanalysis. Gestaltism)
Evolution of schools and directions (Neo-behaviorism. Theory of intelligence development. Empirical foundation of the theory. Neo-Freudianism. Cognitive psychology. Computers. Cybernetics and psychology. Humanistic psychology)
Psychology in Russia (M. V. Lomonosov: materialistic direction in psychology. A. N. Radishchev. Man as a part of nature. Philosophical and psychological views of A. I. Herzen, V. G. Belinsky, N. A Dobrolyubov. N. G. Chernyshevsky. Subject, tasks and method of psychology. P. D. Yurkevich about the soul and internal experience. I. V. Sechenov: a mental act is like a reflex. Development of experimental psychology. Reflexology. P. P. Blonsky - psychology of child development. Unity of consciousness and activity)

LECTURE No. 2. Philosophical doctrine of consciousness

1. Plotinus: psychology as a science of consciousness

The principle of the absolute immateriality of the soul was approved by Plotinus (XNUMXrd century AD), an ancient Greek philosopher, the founder of the school of Neoplatonism in Rome. In everything bodily, an emanation (outflow) of the divine, spiritual principle was seen.

For Plotinus, for the first time in its history, psychology becomes the science of consciousness, understood as "self-consciousness."

Plotinus taught that the individual soul comes from the world soul, to which it aspires. Another vector of activity of the individual soul is directed towards the sensory world.

In the individual soul, Plotinus singled out one more direction - the focus on oneself, on one's own, invisible actions and content. She, as it were, follows her work, is her "mirror".

After many centuries, this ability of the subject not only to feel, feel, remember or think, but also to have an internal idea of these functions was called reflection.

This ability is not fiction. It serves as an integral "mechanism" of the activity of a person's consciousness, connecting his orientation in the external world with the orientation in the inner world, in "himself".

Plotinus distinguished this "mechanism" from other mental processes.

No matter how wide the range of these explanations, it ultimately boiled down to the search for the dependence of mental phenomena on physical causes, processes in the body, and communication with other people.

The reflection discovered by Plotinus could not be explained by any of these factors. She looked like a self-sufficient, non-derivable entity.

It remained that way for centuries, becoming the initial concept of the introspective psychology of consciousness.

Singling out reflection as one of the directions of the activity of the soul, Plotinus in that distant era could not, of course, imagine the individual soul as a self-sufficient source of its internal images and actions. For him, she is an emanation of the super-beautiful sphere of the highest principle of all things.

2. Augustine: early medieval Christian worldview

The teachings of Plotinus influenced Augustine (XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries AD), whose work marked the transition from the ancient tradition to the medieval Christian worldview. Augustine gave the interpretation of the soul a special character, arguing that its basis is formed by the will (and not the mind). Thus, he became the initiator of the doctrine called voluntarism. The will of the individual, depending on the divine, acts in two directions: it controls the actions of the soul and turns it towards itself. All changes that occur with the body become mental due to the volitional activity of the subject. Thus, from the imprints that the sense organs retain, the will creates memories. All knowledge is in the soul, which lives and moves in God. It is not acquired, but extracted from the soul through the direction of the will. The basis of the truth of this knowledge is inner experience. The idea of an inner experience with supreme truth had theological meaning for Augustine, since it was preached that this truth was bestowed by God.

Subsequently, the interpretation of inner experience, being freed from religious overtones, merged with the idea of introspection as a special method of studying consciousness, which psychology, unlike other sciences, owns.

Author: Luchinin A.S.

<< Back: Development of psychological knowledge within the framework of the doctrine of the soul (The idea of the soul of the philosophers of the Milesian school. Heraclitus. The idea of development as a law (Logos). The soul ("psyche") as a special state of the fiery principle. Alcmaeon. The principle of nervism. Neuropsychism. The principle of similarity. Empedocles. The doctrine of the four "roots". Biopsychism . The principle of similarity and the theory of outflows. The atomistic philosophical and psychological concept of Democritus. Hippocrates and the doctrine of temperaments. The philosophical and ethical system of Socrates. The purpose of philosophy. The method of Socratic conversation. Plato: true being and the world of ideas. The sensory world and non-existence. The highest idea of the Good and world soul of Evil. Immortality of the soul. Aristotle's doctrine of the soul. Psychological views of the Stoics. Epicurus and Lucretius Carus on the soul. Alexandria School of Physicians. Psychophysiology of Claudius Galen)

>> Forward: Development of natural science (The heyday of natural science in the Arab East. Psychological ideas of medieval Europe. The development of psychology in the Renaissance)

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Metrology, standardization and certification. Crib

▪ Advocacy and notaries. Crib

▪ Finance. Lecture notes

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Flying over Venus 18.02.2011

The European space probe "Venus Express", circling around Venus since April 2006, measured the density of its upper atmosphere in an unusual way.

The control center, located in Darmstadt (Germany), deployed one of the two solar panels of the device "upright" - so that it stood across the direction of its movement, and the other remained parallel to the course. Then the probe's orbit was lowered closer to the surface of the planet, to a height of 175 kilometers from it, and they began to watch how the device tends to turn under the oncoming flow of Venusian air.

According to the results of measurements, the atmosphere in the circumpolar regions at such a height turned out to be 60% more rarefied than previously thought.

Other interesting news:

▪ Two-channel DC/DC converter for powering screens of portable devices

▪ Intel to move to tri-gate transistors in 2010

▪ MiniCa miniature camera

▪ conservative mind

▪ The first full-featured chip based on 16FinFET technology

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Lecture notes, cheat sheets. Selection of articles

▪ article Tool from the wreckage. Tips for the home master

▪ article Who was the first person to walk on the surface of the moon? Detailed answer

▪ article poisonous trees. Travel Tips

▪ article Antenna UT5VD for 2-meter range with circular radiation pattern in two planes. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Laboratory switching power supply on the L4960 chip, 220/5-40 volts 2,5 amperes. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews