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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
История медицины. Зарождение медицины. Медицина в первобытных общинах. Возникновение врачевания (конспект лекций)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 2. The origin of medicine. Medicine in primitive communities. The emergence of healing When medicine arose, or rather, the beginnings of medical care, it is not known exactly. There are many opinions and theories about this. The most common version: medicine arose simultaneously with the emergence of man, it turns out that medicine arose several hundred thousand years before our era. If we turn to the words of the famous, prominent scientist I.P. Pavlov, he wrote: "Medical activity is the same age as the first person." Traces of first aid were discovered during the period of the primitive communal system. It must be said that the primitive tribal community experienced two periods in its development: 1) matriarchy; 2) patriarchy. Let us briefly trace the main points in the development of the primitive tribal community: 1) people began to live in small communities, which were then subdivided into clans, as well as tribal unions; 2) the use of stone tools in order to get food, hunt; 3) the appearance of bronze (hence the name "bronze age"), and after the appearance of iron. In fact, it changed the way of life. The fact is that hunting began to develop, and since hunting is the lot of men, there was a transition to patriarchy. With the advent of various tools, the number of injuries that people could receive has increased. If you pay attention to the rock paintings, you can clearly see that hunting, various military battles brought people a lot of trouble and, of course, injuries, wounds, etc. Here you can see primitive first aid techniques - removing an arrow, etc. It should be noted that initially there was no division of labor as such. Long before the beginning of civilization and the formation of the state, and especially during the period of matriarchy, women were a kind of keepers of the hearth - this included caring for the community, the tribe, as well as providing medical care. Proof of this can be considered the fact that today in the coastal steppes and other places the first settlements are found by stone sculptures - rough figures of women - guardians of the tribe, clan, etc. The next period of development was when people received fire. Let us turn to the words of F. Engels: “...The production of fire by friction for the first time gave man dominance over a certain force of nature and thereby finally separated man from the animal kingdom.” Due to the fact that people received fire, their food became more varied. In fact, the production of fire accelerated anthropogenesis, accelerated human development. At the same time, the cult and importance of women as guardians of the hearth and healers weakened. Despite this, women continued to collect plants, which they then ate. The discovery of the poisonous and medicinal properties of plants occurred purely empirically. So, from generation to generation, knowledge about plants was transmitted and accumulated, about which of them can be eaten, which ones cannot, which ones can be used for treatment, and which ones should not. Empirically, medicinal products of animal origin (for example, such as bile, liver, brain, bone meal, etc.) were added to herbal remedies. Primitive man also noticed mineral remedies for treatment and prevention. Among the mineral remedies for treatment and prevention, one can name a very valuable product of nature - rock salt, as well as other minerals, up to precious ones. I must say that by the period of Antiquity, a whole doctrine appeared about the treatment and poisoning with minerals, especially precious ones. In connection with the transition to a settled way of life, the role of women, in particular the economic one, decreased, but the medical role was preserved and even strengthened. Over time, the man became the master of the tribe, clan, and the woman remained the keeper of the hearth. The history of medicine has only a few millennia. Despite everything, the medicine of primitive communities still deserves serious attention and study. After all, it was then that traditional medicine appeared and began to develop. The knowledge of people, obtained by the empirical method, accumulated, the skills of healing improved, at the same time the question of the causes of diseases began to arise. Naturally, people of that time did not have such an arsenal of knowledge as today, and could not explain the occurrence of diseases from a scientific point of view, therefore, people considered the causes of diseases to be any magical forces that are unknown to man. From another point of view, people found a magical explanation for the causes of the disease later, and the initial explanations were purely materialistic in nature, which was associated with the experience of obtaining means of life. During the period of late matriarchy, when well-being and life became more and more dependent on the results of hunting, a cult of an animal arose - a totem. Totemism from the Indian, means "my kind." It should also be noted that until recently, and among the Indians in America and still the names of the tribes were associated with the name of any animal or bird, the hunt for which gave food to the tribe - the monkey tribe, the bull tribe, etc. More than that , some even associated their origin with any animal. Such representations are called animalistic. Hence the wearing of amulets. In addition to all this, people could not help but notice the effect of weather conditions on life and health. There is an opinion that primitive people were very strong in health. The fact is that, of course, there was no impact on people at that time of adverse man-made factors - air pollution, etc. However, they constantly fought for their existence with natural conditions, they also suffered from infectious diseases, died in wars with each other, were poisoned low-quality food, etc. There is an opinion that the average life expectancy of people of that time was 20-30 years. Now let's turn to such a concept as paleopathology. 1. Paleopathology is a science that studies the nature of diseases and lesions of ancient people. Among these diseases are such as necrosis, alkalosis, poliomyelitis, periostitis, rickets, bone fractures, etc. As society developed, it came to such phenomena as fetishism, that is, the direct personification and exaltation of natural phenomena, and later animism. 2. Animism - the spiritualization of all nature, the settlement of its diverse spirits and supernatural beings, as if acting in it. Already in the days of patriarchy, the so-called ancestor cult appeared. An ancestor, that is, already some kind of separate personality, maybe even born of a person’s fantasy, could become the cause of a disease, could move into the body of a person and torment him, causing illness. Accordingly, in order for the ailments to stop, the ancestor must be appeased by sacrifice or expulsion from the body. So, we can say that such ideas largely formed the basis of religion. Shamans appeared, who were "specialists" in exorcising or appeasing spirits. Thus, along with materialistic ideas and the rudiments of knowledge acquired by people, animistic, religious views develop. All this forms folk medicine. There are two principles in the activities of traditional healers - empirical and spiritual, religious. Although, of course, there are still healers who confine themselves to ordinary gathering of herbs, preparation of potions and so on without "theoretical and religious" beliefs. The concept of folk hygiene is very closely related to the concept of "folk medicine", the separation of which from medicine is very conditional, since traditions and rules, observations about the dangers of unclean air, water, poor nutrition and other, entered the arsenal of traditional medicine and were used in the treatment and prevention of various diseases. diseases. It is necessary to define the concept of "traditional medicine", which is given in the orders of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation. Traditional medicine is methods of healing, prevention, diagnosis and treatment based on the experience of many generations of people, established in folk traditions and not registered in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Now it is necessary to decide whether traditional medicine can be called traditional. The fact is that traditional medicine developed, as if coming out of the bowels of traditional medicine. So, from this point of view, it would be correct to talk about traditional folk medicine. Thus, the beginnings of medical science appeared with the advent of man, and from the very beginning medicine was folk medicine, as it was carried out by healers, healers, and so on with the help of various potions of plant, animal, mineral origin, as well as using elementary "medical tools" for dressing in the treatment of fractures and wounds, bloodletting, craniotomy, etc. Author: Bachilo E.V. << Back: Introductory lecture. Medical symbols of various times and peoples >> Forward: Hippocrates and his contribution to the development of medicine
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