Internal illnesses. Chronic bronchitis (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Internal illnesses. Chronic bronchitis (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

LECTURE No. 23. Chronic bronchitis

Chronic bronchitis is a diffuse inflammatory and degenerative process in the bronchial mucosa and peribronchial tissue, manifested by persistent or recurrent cough with sputum for at least 3 months a year for 2 years or more.

Etiology. The causative factors are smoking (in smokers, the incidence of chronic bronchitis is 2-5 times higher), infection (viral or bacterial), toxic effects, occupational hazards, α-1-antitrypsin deficiency, household air pollution (combustion products of fossil fuels, food odors). heating devices).

Pathogenesis. There is hyperplasia of the goblet cells of the bronchial glands, hypersecretion of mucus in the bronchi and a change in its properties, inflammatory edema and infiltration of the bronchial mucosa, impaired bronchial patency and drainage function of the bronchi, an imbalance between proteinase inhibitors (α-1-antitrypsin) and proteinases (neutrophil elastase).

Classification. Chronic bronchitis is divided into simple, mucopurulent and mixed. Depending on the characteristics of the clinical course, all forms of chronic bronchitis are differentiated according to the severity of the course, the phase of the disease (exacerbation, remission), as well as complications.

Clinic. When simple chronic bronchitis there is a cough (at first dry in the morning, then with a small amount of mucopurulent sputum up to 20 ml / day), malaise, weakness, fatigue, auscultatory: hard breathing, sometimes weakened; with mucopurulent chronic bronchitis, moist, sonorous fine bubbling rales may occur).

RџSЂRё chronic obstructive bronchitis there is an increase in cough, sputum, shortness of breath, diffuse cyanosis (lips, earlobes, acrocyanosis), rare deep breathing, barrel-shaped chest, percussion: displacement of the borders of the lungs down, their inactivity, box sound. Auscultatory listens to evenly weakened breathing with prolonged expiration, scattered dry buzzing rales, disappearing after coughing. There are 2 variants of the disease: emphysematous (associated with panacytic emphysema) and bronchitis (associated with centriacinar emphysema).

Additional diagnostic study. A general blood test is carried out, where leukocytosis is detected, an increase in ESR in simple and mucopurulent bronchitis during exacerbations, hematocrit in obstructive bronchitis in men is more than 52%, in women more than 47%. An immunological blood test is also carried out (a decrease in the activity of nonspecific and humoral parts of the immune response, an increase in the activity of a cellular link in obstructive bronchitis), a sputum examination (macro- and micro-study - cytology, flora), a calculation of the index of a smoking person (the number of cigarettes smoked per day, multiplied by 12 (number of months in a year); with a value of 160 there is a risk for chronic obstructive bronchitis, more than 200 - classification as "heavy smokers"). The functional state of the lungs is examined (determination of volumetric and speed indicators) - peak flow measurements, spirography, pneumotachometry are used. OVF1 is monitored (long-term re-measurement of the spirometric index): normally, in adulthood, there is an annual drop in OVF1 within 30 ml per year; for patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis, an annual drop in the GFR1 index of more than 50 ml per year is typical. Conduct a bronchological examination (hyperemia, edema, atrophy of the mucosa, the presence of sputum, dyskinesia of the bronchus wall), computed tomography (morphological changes in the lungs, their location, size), ECG (exclusion of cardiac genesis of symptoms, determination of hypertrophy of the right heart - rightogram, deep prong S in V5, V6).

Complications. Complications of the disease can be focal pneumonia, emphysema, respiratory failure, chronic cor pulmonale, secondary erythrocytosis, bronchiectasis;

Differential diagnostics. Should be carried out with chronic pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer, bronchial asthma.

Treatment. Treatment is carried out in the phase of exacerbation and the phase of remission.

В exacerbation phase antibacterial therapy is carried out (in the presence of purulent sputum), M-cholinolytics are prescribed, β₂-agonists, methylxanthines, mucolytics, antihistamines, oxygen therapy, therapeutic bronchoscopy, physiotherapy, exercise therapy, treatment of complications.

В remission phase patients are prescribed bronchodilators (if indicated), mucolytics (used for symptoms of mucostasis), physiotherapy, spa treatment.

Flow. The course of the disease can be recurrent, chronic, progressive.

Prevention. Prevention measures include the following: timely treatment of acute bronchitis and respiratory diseases, early detection and treatment of the initial stages of chronic bronchitis, hardening of the body (air and sun baths, water procedures), measures to combat dust and air pollution in working areas, smoking restriction, sanitation foci of chronic infection.

Author: Myshkina A.A.

<< Back: pneumonia

>> Forward: Bronchiectasis

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ General psychology. Lecture notes

▪ Theory of learning. Crib

▪ infectious diseases. Lecture notes

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

GeForce GTX 770 SAC graphics accelerator from ELSA 17.06.2013

ELSA has announced the GeForce GTX 770 SAC (Silent Air Cooling) graphics accelerator. The video card is equipped with an improved cooling system with copper heat pipes that have direct contact with the GPU, a monolithic aluminum heatsink and two fans. This solution is claimed to achieve noise reduction compared to reference products.

The accelerator has 1 CUDA cores; the amount of GDDR536 memory with a 5-bit bus is 256 GB. The base frequency of the chip core is 2 MHz, the frequency in the "turbo" mode is 1 MHz. The memory operates at a frequency of 070 MHz.

DirectX 11.1 API, PCI Express 3.0 x16 bus, NVIDIA 3D Vision, PhysX and SLI technologies are supported. On the bar with connectors there are two DVI ports, HDMI and DisplayPort interfaces. In the computer case, the graphics accelerator occupies two expansion slots.

Other interesting news:

▪ Toyota electric vehicles with solid state batteries

▪ Sony HT-AX7 Wireless Audio System

▪ Link between climate and crime found

▪ 5th generation BMW electric motor without rare earth magnets

▪ Created antimalarial mosquitoes

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the website Basics of First Medical Aid (BFA). Selection of articles

▪ article Don't Touch My Blueprints! Popular expression

▪ article Why is Pokémon games banned in Saudi Arabia? Detailed answer

▪ article Tatar honeysuckle. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Copy ink. Simple recipes and tips

▪ article Zener diodes and stabistors. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews