Internal illnesses. Bronchiectasis (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Internal illnesses. Bronchiectasis (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

LECTURE No. 24. Bronchiectasis

Regional expansion of the bronchi with a predominant localization of the process in the lower parts of the lungs, manifested by chronic endobronchial suppuration.

The disease is associated with genetic defects in the development of the bronchi, observed in children and adults. Men get sick more often. Secondary bronchiectasis, in which damage to the lung tissue predominates due to an active inflammatory process, does not belong to bronchiectasis.

Etiology. Etiological factors include bronchopulmonary infections, aspiration of foreign bodies, bronchial stenosis with secretion retention and constant suppuration distal to the stenosis, bronchial malformations, congenital predisposition (Sievert-Kartagener syndrome).

Pathogenesis. Bronchial patency is disturbed (formation of obstructive atelectasis), inflammation of the bronchi occurs, intrabronchial pressure increases, elasticity and mechanical stability of the bronchi decreases, obturation of small bronchi occurs (cystic fibrosis).

Classification. According to the features of clinical manifestations, the disease is divided:

1) according to the form of bronchiectasis (saccular, fusiform, cylindrical, mixed);

2) according to the phase of the disease (exacerbation, remission);

3) by localization (segment, segments, right- or left-sided).

Clinic. The main manifestations of the disease are:

productive cough, mainly in the morning, with the separation of a significant amount of mucopurulent or purulent sputum, hemoptysis, sputum separation depends on the position of the body - it increases in a state of orthopnea. Patients note intoxication, weight loss, fever, puffiness of the face, earthy shade of diffuse cyanosis, retraction of the affected side of the chest. Fingers in the form of drumsticks, nails in the form of watch glasses (a sign of hypoxia). During percussion, a mosaic of percussion sound is determined (a sign of low specificity). Harsh breathing, foci of persistent moist medium and coarse bubbling rales, loud dry rales are auscultated.

Additional diagnostic study. A general blood test is performed, in which anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift to the left, and an increase in ESR are noted. Also, a study of a general urine test is carried out (with the development of complications - the appearance of a protein), a biochemical blood test (dysproteinemia: hypoproteinemia, albuminemia, hypergammaglobulinemia), a sputum examination (macro- and microscopic examination of the flora: three-layer, many leukocytes). With bronchoscopy, a lot of sputum is found in the lumen of the bronchi, there is hyperemia of the mucosa, a continuous flow of sputum. With bronchography - bronchiectasis of various forms, with radiography - a decrease in the volume of the affected lung, cellularity of the pulmonary pattern. A functional study of the lungs is being carried out.

Complications. Complications of the disease are pulmonary bleeding, pleural empyema, pyopneumothorax, lung abscesses, amyloidosis of internal organs, cor pulmonale.

Differential diagnosis. Should be carried out with chronic pneumonia, tuberculosis, chronic lung abscess, lung cancer.

Treatment. Patients are shown diet No. 15, active positional drainage according to B. E. Votchal. Antibacterial drugs (parenteral and intrabronchial), repeated sanitation bronchoscopy, bronchodilator therapy, mucolytics, desensitizing agents, anabolic hormones, vitamins (groups B, C) are prescribed; surgical treatment (segmental resection, lobectomy) is indicated for one lobe.

Flow. The course of the disease is progressive, long-term remissions are possible.

Forecast. With a limited lesion, the prognosis is favorable, and with a widespread process and the presence of complications, it is unfavorable.

Prevention. Prevention measures include timely treatment of lung infections, smoking cessation, systematic positional drainage, and treatment of complications.

Author: Myshkina A.A.

<< Back: Chronical bronchitis

>> Forward: lung abscess

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ International economic relations. Crib

▪ Banking law. Crib

▪ Infectious diseases. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Origin of the domestic cat 05.01.2008

There are now about 600 million domestic cats in the world. A detailed analysis of the DNA of various breeds and outbred cats showed that they all come from a group of wild cats numbering about five individuals that lived 130 thousand years ago in the Middle East, in the territory now occupied by Iraq, Syria, Lebanon and Israel.

Most likely, domestication took place about 12 thousand years ago, when nomadic tribes of hunters and gatherers settled down, began to engage in crop farming and accumulate grain reserves. Field mice fled to the stocks, and wild cats came for the mice, and a few were tamed.

Migrating to new areas, farmers took cats with them, gave them to their neighbors, and so they gradually took them around the world.

Other interesting news:

▪ Smartphone instead of driver's license

▪ Airbus helicopter on green fuel

▪ Microcontroller Toshiba TMPM46BF10FG

▪ New synchronous DC/DC voltage converters

▪ Toshiba TLP250H optocoupler directly drives a power transistor

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ site section Infrared technology. Article selection

▪ article You can't serve two masters. Popular expression

▪ article Who is the song Mishka, Mishka, where is your smile dedicated to? Detailed answer

▪ article Real estate agent. Job description

▪ article Amplifier 112 watts for a subwoofer. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Phonograph record against gravity. Focus Secret

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews