Lecture number 14. Inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses

More often, large sinuses are subject to the inflammatory process.

1. Acute sinusitis

The etiology of both acute and chronic sinusitis is infectious. The most common way is through natural fistulas that communicate the sinus with the nasal cavity. In acute infectious diseases, infection of the sinuses is possible by the hematogenous route. In the etiology of maxillary sinusitis, purulent foci of the dentition also play a role, especially large and small molars adjacent to the lower wall of the sinus. The most common cause of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis is foreign bodies penetrating into the sinus from the oral cavity: filling material, fragments of broken dental instruments, failed tooth roots, turundas. Granulomas at the root of the tooth, subperiosteal abscesses, periodontal disease can also lead to odontogenic maxillary sinusitis.

The most common cause of acute sinusitis is acute respiratory infections. In recent years, a fungal infection of the paranasal sinuses has become relevant.

Pathogenesis

In the pathogenesis of acute and especially chronic sinusitis, the ventilation of the paranasal sinuses is important, caused by anatomical defects in the nasal cavity (such as a pronounced curvature of the nasal septum, hypertrophy of the middle turbinates), as well as congenital narrowness of the nose (leptorinia).

When the sinus fistula is closed with an edematous mucosa, the oxygen content in the sinus will decrease, and the carbon dioxide content will increase. The oxygen content drops especially if pus is produced in the sinus. In the presence of pus, the oxygen content in the sinus approaches zero, while the carbon dioxide content increases significantly, and the pH value decreases. Oxygen is absorbed not only by the mucous membrane, but also by bacteria and leukocytes. All this contributes to the development of anaerobic infection in chronic sinusitis.

Allergic processes and immunological deficiency play a significant role in the development of acute and chronic sinusitis.

Of no small importance in the development of acute and chronic sinusitis is a violation of the normal function of the mucociliary apparatus of the mucous membrane, caused by adverse environmental factors, such as cold air, atmospheric pollution with harmful gases of industrial production. As a result, inhibition or cessation of the beating of the cilia occurs, which leads to a delay in the infectious onset in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses and its subsequent penetration through the membranes of the mucous membrane.

Chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, contribute to the development of acute and especially chronic sinusitis.

Clinic

The characteristic symptoms for all sinusitis are congestion of the corresponding half of the nose (with a bilateral process - both halves), mucous or purulent discharge from the nose, the presence of a purulent path in the middle or upper nasal passage, and a violation of the sense of smell.

Local symptoms in sinusitis are due to the localization of the process. Diagnosis of sinusitis is based on the assessment of complaints, anamnesis of the disease, identification of general and local symptoms, radiation diagnostics and methods of instrumental examination (puncture, trepanopuncture and probing of the paranasal sinuses).

Acute ethmoiditis. The lattice labyrinth is the first to be exposed to any adverse environmental factors. The narrow excretory ducts of individual parts of the labyrinth easily overlap with swelling of the mucous membrane, which contributes to the development of the inflammatory process in the cellular structures of the ethmoid bone.

Typical symptoms: fever and headaches. Locally, the disease manifests itself in a feeling of soreness, localized in the region of the root of the nose and at the inner corner of the eye, aggravated by palpation. Patients note nasal congestion, abundant mucopurulent and purulent discharge, impaired sense of smell. The latter can manifest itself as hypo- and anosmia and is due to swelling of the olfactory zone (respiratory anosmia). With damage to the olfactory nerve, anosmia is essential in nature.

During anterior rhinoscopy, hyperemia and edema of the mucous membrane in the region of the middle nasal passage and middle nasal concha, accumulation of pus in the middle nasal passage are determined. With posterior rhinoscopy, purulent discharge can also be detected in the upper nasal passage, since in acute inflammation all groups of cells of the ethmoid labyrinth are affected. In cases where, as a result of mucosal edema, a purulent path is not detected, it is recommended to anemize it and repeat rhinoscopy after a few minutes. If there is a violation of the discharge of pus (with a closed empyema), eye symptoms may appear.

Acute maxillary sinusitis (sinusitis). At the same time, sinusitis patients are worried about headache, localized in the area of ​​the projection of the maxillary sinus. However, in many cases, its distribution was noted in the forehead, zygomatic bone, and temple. It can radiate to the orbital region, to the upper teeth.

Very characteristic is the intensification and sensation of a rush of heaviness in the corresponding half of the face when the head is tilted forward. Headache is associated with secondary trigeminal neuralgia and a violation of the barofunction of the sinus as a result of mucosal edema and blockage of the anastomosis.

There may be swelling of the cheek on the affected side. Palpation in the projection of the sinus increases pain. Severe swelling of the face, as well as the eyelids, is more characteristic of complicated sinusitis. Patients note nasal congestion and mucous or purulent discharge, as well as a decrease in the sense of smell on the side of inflammation.

Anterior rhinoscopy allows you to establish hyperemia and swelling of the mucous membrane of the lower and especially the middle turbinate. The presence of serous or purulent discharge in the middle nasal passage is characteristic, which can also be established with posterior rhinoscopy. In cases where no discharge is detected (with severe swelling of the mucous membrane that overlaps the anastomosis), it is also recommended to anemize the area of ​​the middle nasal passage and turn the patient's head in a healthy direction. In this position, the sinus outlet is at the bottom, and pus (if any) will appear in the middle nasal passage.

As a result of turbinate edema, as with ethmoiditis, respiratory hemi- and anosmia is possible. In the case of toxic damage to the olfactory nerve, anosmia may be essential. In clinical practice, there is a frequent combination of acute maxillary sinusitis and ethmoiditis.

Acute frontal. This disease, along with the general symptoms characteristic of a febrile state, is characterized by a strong, sometimes acute headache, localized mainly in the forehead, and a feeling of heaviness in the projection of the affected sinus.

Percutere there is also an increase in pain, and when stroking the skin, a feeling of velvety may appear, which in this case indicates the phenomenon of periostitis. With finger pressure in the region of the medial angle of the eye and on the orbital (thinnest) wall of the frontal sinus, pain almost always increases with acute frontal sinusitis. Often there is swelling of the upper eyelid, expressed to one degree or another. Purulent discharge is localized in the most anterior sections of the middle nasal passage, according to the location of the excretory duct.

Acute sphenoiditis is an inflammation of the sphenoid sinus. It is also often associated with inflammation of the ethmoid labyrinth, with posterior cells usually involved (posterior ethmoiditis). In acute sphenoiditis, patients complain of severe, "split head" headaches, often radiating to the back of the head and orbit.

A characteristic feature is the flow of purulent mucus along the back of the pharynx, which is established during mesopharyngoscopy. Anterior deep rhinoscopy allows you to see a symptom of imaginary infection - the closure of the hyperemic mucous membrane of the posterior parts of the middle nasal concha and the nasal septum, which indicates the involvement of cells of the ethmoid labyrinth (usually posterior) in the process. After anemia and contraction of the mucous membrane in the region of the olfactory fissure, a strip of pus is likely to appear. Posterior rhinoscopy reveals accumulation of pus in the nasopharyngeal vault, the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx and the posterior edge of the vomer is hyperemic and edematous. Disturbance of smell is characteristic.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of acute sinusitis is established on the basis of complaints, anamnesis, described symptoms and the results of an X-ray examination. On radiographic images, acute sinusitis is characterized by homogeneous darkening of the sinuses involved in the inflammatory process. If the picture is taken in the vertical position of the subject, then if there is exudate in the sinus, the fluid level can be observed.

Diagnostic and at the same time therapeutic methods include punctures and probing of the paranasal sinuses.

Treatment

Treatment of uncomplicated acute sinusitis is usually conservative. It can be done on an outpatient basis and in an inpatient setting. Polysinusitis, as well as sinusitis, accompanied by severe headache, swelling of the soft tissues of the face and the threat of developing ophthalmic and intracranial complications, should be treated in a hospital.

Treatment of acute sinusitis, like other focal infections, consists of a combination of general and local methods. The local treatment is based on the anemization of the nasal mucosa, which can be carried out using official vasoconstrictors (naphthyzinum, sanorin, galazolin). More effective is targeted smearing by the doctor of the mucous membrane in the area of ​​the middle nasal passage with a 3-5% solution of cocaine or an anesthetic - a 2% solution of dicaine with 3-4 drops of a 0,1% solution of adrenaline per 1 ml of the drug. Anemization of the mucous membrane and a decrease in its volume contribute to the expansion of the fistulas of the sinuses and facilitate the outflow of exudate. This is also facilitated by thermal procedures (sollux, diathermy, UHF). Correctly applied to the corresponding half of the face, the compress improves microcirculation in the area of ​​the inflammatory process, reduces swelling of the soft tissues of the face and the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, restoring the patency of the anastomoses and drainage of the sinuses. UHF is poorly tolerated by patients with vascular disorders, including those with vegetative-vascular dystonia.

The puncture of the maxillary sinuses remains one of the most common methods of conservative treatment. Other methods of conservative treatment - trepanopuncture of the frontal sinuses, puncture of the ethmoid labyrinth, puncture and probing of the sphenoid sinus - are more complex manipulations and are carried out in stationary conditions.

If repeated punctures of the paranasal sinuses are necessary, permanent drainages are used, which are thin polyethylene or fluoroplastic tubes that are inserted into the sinus for the entire period of treatment, saving the patient from unpleasant manipulations.

Through the introduced drainage tube, the sinuses are systematically washed with an isotonic or furatsilin (1: 5000) solution and other drugs (usually antibiotics) are administered.

The introduction of medicinal solutions into the paranasal sinuses is possible by the method of movement.

With this method, a vacuum is created in the nasal cavity with the help of surgical suction. It allows you to remove pathological contents from the sinuses, and after infusion of medicinal solutions into the nasal cavity, the latter rush into the opened sinuses.

As a general treatment for patients with acute sinusitis, analgesics, antipyretics, antihistamines and antibacterial drugs are prescribed. Penicillin can be prescribed at 500 IU 000-4 times a day, as well as other antibiotics with a wider spectrum of action (tseporin, keflin, kefzol). The prescription of antibiotics should be adjusted in accordance with the sensitivity of the microflora obtained from the focus of inflammation. Sulfa drugs (sulfadimethoxine, sulfalene, biseptol) are prescribed both independently and in combination with antibiotics.

In case of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis, the corresponding carious teeth should be removed. In this case, an undesirable opening of the maxillary sinus is possible. The resulting channel connecting the sinus with the oral cavity (oroantral fistula) can close on its own or after repeated lubrication with iodine tincture. Otherwise, they resort to plastic closure of the fistula by moving a flap cut from the soft tissues of the gums.

2. Chronic sinusitis

Chronic sinusitis usually results from repeated and insufficiently treated acute sinusitis.

A combination of adverse factors of a general and local nature, such as a decrease in the body's reactivity, impaired drainage and aeration of the sinus, caused by anatomical abnormalities and pathological processes in the nasal cavity, as well as dental diseases, is essential in their development.

The variety of pathomorphological changes in chronic sinusitis, representing various variants of exudative, proliferative and alterative processes, determines the diversity of clinical and morphological forms and the difficulties of their classification.

Currently, the classification of chronic sinusitis proposed by B. S. Preobrazhensky (1956) continues to be the most acceptable. According to this classification, there are exudative (catarrhal, serous, purulent) and productive (parietal-hyperplastic, polypous) forms of sinusitis, as well as cholesteatoma, necrotic (alternative), atrophic and allergic sinusitis.

With exudative forms, a pattern of diffuse inflammatory infiltration by lymphocytes, neutrophils and plasma cells is observed. It is more pronounced with purulent than with catarrhal and serous forms. In these cases, the epithelium is flattened, metaplastic in places. Edema is observed in the foci of the greatest inflammation.

In hyperplastic forms, the thickening of the mucous membrane is more pronounced than in previous forms. Pathological changes are predominantly proliferative in nature due to the growth of connective tissue elements of the proper layer of the mucous membrane. The formation of granulation tissue and polyps is noted. The development of connective tissue in some areas can be combined with sclerosis and thickening of the mucous membrane in other places. The inflammatory process extends to all its layers, capturing in some cases the periosteal layer. This leads to periostitis, and with an unfavorable development of the process, to osteomyelitis. Due to the development of sclerosis of the mucous membrane and the delay in resorptive processes in case of bone disease, the formation of pseudocholesteatoma is possible, which is a thickened mucus without cholesterol inclusions and with a large number of leukocytes, as well as colonies of putrefactive microbes. The accumulation of pseudocholesteatoma and caseous masses and the pressure exerted by them on the walls of the paranasal sinuses lead to bone resorption and the formation of fistulas. It has now been established that such forms of sinusitis can also develop as a result of fungal infections of the sinuses.

A special place is occupied by allergic forms of sinusitis, which are combined with similar processes in the nasal cavity and are called allergic rhinosinusitis (rhinosinusopathy). This form is characterized by the appearance in the sinuses (especially in the maxillary) formations of a rounded shape. They are localized swelling of the mucosa and are often incorrectly referred to as cysts. In these cases, during the puncture of the maxillary sinus, the needle pierces this cyst-like formation, and an amber-colored serous fluid is poured into the syringe, and the bladder walls collapse.

The fundamental difference between such a pseudocyst and a true cyst of odontogenic origin is that it has only an outer epithelial lining formed by the sinus mucosa. The pseudocyst cavity is formed as a result of the splitting of its own layer of the mucous membrane by the transudate accumulating in its thickness.

A true cyst of odontogenic origin also has an inner epithelial membrane emanating from the periodontium. The size of the pseudocyst (allergic mucosal edema) may change under the influence of hyposensitizing therapy and the appointment of glucocorticoids.

On radiographs (better tomograms), in cases of odontogenic cysts, a thin, partially resorbed bone layer can be seen contouring the cyst. It is formed as a result of displacement of the lower wall of the maxillary sinus by a developing cyst.

Clinical symptoms in chronic sinusitis outside the stage of exacerbation are less pronounced than in acute ones. In some patients, a decrease in working capacity is possible. The nature of the symptoms and their severity largely depend on the form of sinusitis, the localization of the process and its prevalence. Headache in chronic sinusitis is less severe, it may be indefinite. However, in some cases, patients accurately localize the pain in the area of ​​the affected sinus. Nasal congestion is usually moderate, more pronounced in allergic polyposis and fungal forms of sinusitis, which is associated with similar lesions of the nasal mucosa. Often, patients note a violation of the sense of smell.

The nature of nasal discharge also depends on the form of sinusitis. With fungal infections, they have certain characteristic differences. So, with mold mycosis, the discharge is usually viscous, sometimes jelly-like, has a whitish-gray or yellowish color. With aspergillosis, the discharge is gray, blackish blotches are possible, which can be thick, resembling cholesteatoma masses. With candidiasis, the discharge is similar to a whitish curd mass.

With fungal sinusitis, neurological pain in the area of ​​the affected sinus is often noted. More often than with other forms of sinusitis, there is swelling of the soft tissues of the face, usually in the region of the maxillary sinus.

With exacerbation of chronic sinusitis, the clinical picture resembles an acute process of damage to one or another paranasal sinus and often depends on the presence or absence of complications.

It is necessary to pay attention to the ability of chronic sinusitis to proceed in an inexpressive latent form, when the clinical symptoms are not clear enough. This state indicates the presence of a certain balance in the development of the pathological process - the balance between the organism and the disease. Causing overstrain and depletion of immune mechanisms, it leads, as a rule, to the development of certain (often very serious) complications.

The diagnosis of chronic sinusitis and variants of its manifestations are established on the basis of clinical and radiological data. X-ray, as well as CT and MRI studies are the most important diagnostic methods for identifying various forms of chronic sinusitis.

They are supplemented by punctures (trepanopunctures) of the sinuses and laboratory studies (bacteriological, mycological, histological, etc.) of the contents obtained.

In the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis, the most difficult is to identify inflammation of the sphenoid sinus - chronic sphenoiditis.

The sphenoid sinus, located in the deep parts of the base of the skull, is known in the literature as the "forgotten sinus", the diagnosis of diseases of which requires experience and skill.

The close attachment of the sphenoid sinus to the diencephalic and other vital structures of the brain and visual pathways determines its clinical significance and the appearance of various neurological and asthenovegetative disorders.

The symptoms of chronic sphenoiditis are varied and vague. In patients, sleep disturbance, loss of appetite, memory impairment, dizziness, the appearance of paresthesia, persistent subfebrile condition, and sugar metabolism disorders are possible. Cases of development in some patients of a severe hypochondriacal condition requiring urgent neurological care are described.

Damage to the cranial nerves (olfactory, optic, abducens), development of cavernous sinus thrombosis, and involvement of the meninges are a common complication of chronic sphenoiditis.

Patients usually have a bilateral process. In 70% of cases, along with the defeat of the sphenoid sinus, other paranasal sinuses are also involved in the inflammatory process, polysinusitis develops.

Most often, along with the sphenoid sinuses, cells of the ethmoid labyrinth (usually posterior) and maxillary sinuses are subject to inflammation (A. S. Kiselev, T. A. Lushnikova, 1994). Involvement of other paranasal sinuses in the inflammatory process often reduces the severity of individual clinical manifestations of sphenoiditis and complicates its diagnosis. However, despite the diversity of the clinical picture of chronic sphenoiditis, a targeted study can reveal three of its characteristic symptoms: headache, runoff of purulent discharge along the nasopharynx and posterior pharyngeal wall, as well as a subjective unpleasant odor felt only by the patient. Headache is the main symptom of chronic sphenoiditis. Its main distinguishing feature is the projection of a permanent place, resulting from irradiation to one or another place of the head. Most often, pain radiates to the parietal, occipital region and orbit.

A feature of sphenoidal pains is their excruciating. There are sensations of squeezing the head with a hoop or finding it, as it were, in a vise. With irradiation of pain in the orbit, patients experience a feeling that is described as tearing out or indentation of the eyeball. Headaches are persistent, depriving a person of rest, sleep, they reduce memory, performance and interest in life. In some cases, they lead the patient to a state of stupefaction, the development of depression and anxiety.

There is another feature of headaches in chronic sphenoiditis - this is their appearance or intensification when the patient is in the sun or in a hot room. Also characteristic is the appearance or intensification of headaches at night, approximately at 2-3 o'clock in the morning. This is probably due to the drying of the crusts of purulent secretion and blockage of the sinus outlet.

With the free discharge of purulent discharge, headaches may not bother the patient, however, there may be complaints about the flow of purulent sputum along the back of the throat and the need for frequent spitting. This is observed with the so-called open sphenoiditis. On the contrary, if the outflow of pathological contents from the sinus is difficult (with the so-called closed sphenoiditis), the headache can be unbearable.

The given information about the features of headaches in sphenoiditis allows us to consider them as a sphenoidal pain syndrome.

The establishment of the pain syndrome determines the further sequence of targeted diagnostic studies. They include the identification of symptoms associated with the consequences caused by the discharge of purulent secretions from the sphenoid sinus. These secondary reactive changes in the mucous membrane of the deep parts of the nose, nasopharynx and posterior pharyngeal wall can be considered as a sphenoidal syndrome of the mucous membrane (A. S. Kiselev, V. F. Melnik, 1993).

The third characteristic symptom of chronic sphenoiditis is a subjective sensation of an unpleasant odor resembling burnt paper. The appearance of the smell is caused by the fact that the purulent discharge stagnates and decomposes due to poor outflow, and the sphenoid sinus outlet opens into the area in close proximity to the olfactory fissure.

The next step in the study of patients with suspected sphenoiditis is to conduct an x-ray examination of the paranasal sinuses, in which the sphenoid sinuses become the main object of attention.

As the final stage of the diagnostic examination, diagnostic probing of the sinus through the natural fistula can be performed. If it is impossible to carry it out due to the anatomical features of the nasal cavity, preliminary operations are resorted to (elimination of the curvature of the nasal septum, conchotomy). If, for one reason or another, probing of the sinus fails, it is punctured. The anatomical landmark for probing and puncture is the Zuckerkandl line. It starts from the anterior nasal spine at the lower edge of the pyriform opening in the vestibule of the nose and passes through the middle of the middle nasal concha to the middle of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. The angle between the floor of the nasal cavity and the Zuckerkandl line is about 30°. The distance from the nasal spine to the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus is 6-8,5 cm and only in rare cases is more.

During manipulation, a steeper direction of the instrument (there is a risk of damage to the sieve plate) and the use of force should be avoided.

Signs of the probe getting into the sinus through the exit hole (or bent at the tip of the needle by perforating the front wall of the sinus) are the feeling of falling into the cavity and the impossibility of vertical displacement of the instrument, which seems to be fixed and does not fall down when it is no longer held (Grunwald's sign). The presence of pus or mucus during suction with a syringe or their appearance in the washing liquid during the washing of the sinus with an isotonic solution indicates an inflammatory process.

It should be noted that carrying out the described diagnostic procedures requires a good orientation in the deep parts of the nose and a high manipulation technique from the doctor.

Treatment

The tactics of treating chronic sinusitis is determined by the clinical form of the disease. With exacerbation of chronic sinusitis, its exudative forms (catarrhal, serous, purulent) are usually treated conservatively. In this case, the same means and methods of treatment are used that are used in the treatment of acute sinusitis.

Productive forms of chronic sinusitis (polypous, polypous-purulent) are treated promptly. Regardless of the form of chronic sinusitis, in the presence of visual and intracranial complications, the main method should be surgical treatment.

With polypous sinusitis, combined with nasal polyposis, a preliminary nasal polypotomy is indicated, which is carried out using a polyp loop. It should be borne in mind that when removing polyps emanating from the olfactory region, olfactory filaments may break and the olfactory bulbs may detach from their branches passing through the sieve plate, which leads to anosmia.

Surgical interventions on the paranasal sinuses. The main goal of surgical treatment for chronic sinusitis is to organize conditions for restoring the normal function of the affected paranasal sinus. To do this, regardless of the option of operative access to the sinus or to a group of sinuses (with polysinusotomy), a disturbed sinus anastomosis with the nasal cavity is created anew or restored, providing its free drainage and ventilation.

To date, there are a large number of options for surgical interventions on the paranasal sinuses proposed for the treatment of sinusitis. All of them, depending on the approach, are divided into extranasal and endonasal. The nature of anesthesia during operations on the sinuses depends on the age of the patient, his general condition, the presence of concomitant diseases, complications and the volume of surgical intervention. Anesthesia can be local or general.

To prevent possible complications, especially after extended surgical interventions on the paranasal sinuses (polysinusotomy), broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed for 5-6 days in the postoperative period, often in combination with sulfonamides and nystatin, desensitizing and sedative drugs. In some cases, it is advisable to use Trichopolum or Metagil - drugs that have an etiotropic effect on the anaerobic flora.

After removing the tampons, to normalize the pH of the nasal cavity for 2-3 days, it is advisable to use an alkaline ointment, which is necessary to quickly restore the function of the mucociliary apparatus. In the postoperative period, the sphenoid sinus (as well as other opened sinuses) is washed through a cannula with a warm isotonic or furatsilin (1:5000) solution.

Authors: Drozdov A.A., Drozdova M.V.

<< Back: Diseases of the nasal cavity. Chronic rhinitis. Atrophic rhinitis. Vasomotor rhinitis (Chronic catarrhal rhinitis. Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis. Atrophic rhinitis. Vasomotor rhinitis (neurovegetative and allergic forms))

>> Forward: Rhinogenic orbital and intracranial complications (Orbital complications. Intracranial complications)

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Criminalistics. Lecture notes

▪ Russian language and culture of speech. Crib

▪ Finance. Lecture notes

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive 288-Mbit RDRAM 1066 MHz 05.05.2003 The Japanese company Elpida Memory announced the start of deliveries of 288-megabit RDRAM (Rambus) 1066 MHz RAM chips intended for use in workstations, as well as high-performance desktop computers and network devices. The chips are produced using proprietary 0,13 micron technology in FBGA packages. The new 288 megabit chips will be used in RIMM and SO-RIMM modules from 128 to 512 MB. Chips and RIMM modules developed by Elpida specialists have already been certified by Rambus. In the near future, Elpida plans to start production of Rambus memory chips designed for operating frequencies of 1200 and 1333 MHz. According to the manufacturer, the new 288 megabit RDRAM chips use Rambus Signaling Level (RSL) technology, which allows not only to increase the operating frequency to 1066 MHz, but also to achieve increased memory reliability. The chips provide data transfer at a speed of two bytes per 0 94 ns (or 16 bytes per 75 ns) have a built-in write buffer designed to reduce access time, as well as a system to reduce power consumption.

Other interesting news:

▪ The pleasure of new words

▪ Viruses in mineral water

▪ Sun and wind for home

▪ Increasing the life of ultracold molecules

▪ Echo sounder for drone

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Personal transport: land, water, air. Article selection

▪ Parmenides article. Famous aphorisms

▪ article What is required for glass production? Detailed answer

▪ article News editor-announcer of the radio station. Job description

▪ article Simple intercom. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Solid-state relays of the KR293 series. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages ​​of this page

Arabic	Hebrew	Polish
Bengali	Hindi	Portuguese
Chinese	Italian	Spanish
English	Japanese	Turkish
French	Korean	Ukrainian
German	Malay	Vietnamese

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews

www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024