LECTURE № 1. What is a business?

1. Business and entrepreneurship. Concept and essence

In any economic system, there are forces that are leading in the implementation of the main economic goal of this system. In the planning and administrative system, these are state enterprises, in the market - business and entrepreneurship of all forms of ownership, divided according to production volumes into small, medium and large businesses. Small forms of business play a significant role because of their large number and high profitability.

Business and Entrepreneurship - one of the main elements of a market economy, without them the state cannot develop intensively. Business and entrepreneurship affect the rate of economic growth of the state, the structure, volume and quality of the gross national product.

Recently, concepts such as "business" and "entrepreneurship" have begun to mix and lose their original meaning.

One of the most common definitions today says that business is any activity aimed at making a profit, carried out through the sale of goods and services that are in demand.

However, there are other definitions that are more adapted to real conditions, for example: business is an entrepreneurial activity that is carried out by subjects of a market economy and government agencies at their own expense or borrowed funds under their own responsibility and whose main goals are to make a profit and develop their own enterprise.

Entrepreneurship or entrepreneurial activity - independent activities of citizens and their cooperatives, associated with risk, carried out under their own responsibility, aimed at generating income from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons, in accordance with the law.

It is difficult to separate these concepts, since they are equivalent, but, of course, there are differences.

Business, like entrepreneurial activity, is divided by the size of its implementation into large, medium and small. They differ significantly both in production volumes, and in the size of fixed assets, and in labor and financial resources.

Big business - this is one of the foundations of the modern economy, and small and medium-sized businesses are an important indicator of its state and development.

Entrepreneurship as the basis of business involves one's own business, which is always associated with the danger of losing it and losing the expended material and intellectual resources.

For the intensive development of business and entrepreneurship, certain conditions and factors are necessary:

1) entrepreneurial ability, personal interests, creative ideas, benefits;

2) the existence of free space in the market or the likelihood of market expansion;

3) the possibility of increasing profits;

4) the ability to economically use resources, innovation;

5) the possibility of predicting crisis situations and ways to resolve them.

Each novice entrepreneur or businessman must first analyze all the factors affecting the business, for example:

1) choose the main direction of their own business, taking into account their own experience, available resources, potential and (not least) competition and possible demand;

2) determine the tactics and strategy of the organization, commercial opportunities, select qualified personnel;

3) evaluate the financial potential of the enterprise, calculate the costs, current and fixed assets, the required amount of authorized capital and attract possible sponsors.

On the development of entrepreneurship, in addition to the abilities and desires of the entrepreneur himself, the influence of state policy and the state of the economy as a whole is great.

2. Main signs and features of entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship plays a key role in the formation and development of market relations. World experience shows that the more opportunities for individual entrepreneurs for their activities, the higher the pace of development of the country's economy. Therefore, it is very important to create favorable conditions in the country for the development of entrepreneurial activity.

Entrepreneurs face both economic and organizational and legal difficulties in their practical activities. Entrepreneurial activity has two sides - economic and legal.

From an economic point of view, entrepreneurship plays a certain role in the development of the economy of any country. According to Schumpeter, entrepreneurs are "economic entities that carry out new combinations in their activities." The function of entrepreneurs is to implement innovations that play a significant role in the development of the economy. Innovations include the introduction of advanced technologies, new products, the development of new sources of energy and raw materials, the search for markets with a shortage of goods, the use of modern personnel policy and wage systems, the introduction of organizational innovations, etc.

Consequently, the in the economic aspect, entrepreneurship - this is an innovative activity, and the entrepreneur himself can be considered as a carrier of an innovative idea.

The content of the essence of an entrepreneur and entrepreneurial activity has changed with the history of the formation of commodity-market relations, the development of exchange, the production of new types of goods and the distribution of goods and services; the development of scientific and technological progress is also of great importance.

The entrepreneur, in addition to the desire to get the maximum possible profit, also sets as his goal the establishment of the production process, the constant resumption of production cycles. Therefore, in order to achieve the set goals, it is necessary to quickly respond to all, even minor changes in the market, and monitor consumer sentiment.

Entrepreneurship - this is not just any business, it is a special form of management, which is inherent in everything new, while business - this is an activity in the field of production of goods and services, distribution and sale of goods and services without innovation, without the initiative to promote the application of new scientific and technical developments. Thus, the same product is produced from year to year, its sale is carried out in the same markets, despite the fact that demand is falling, and interest in the product is fading, the sale occurs according to the classical established pattern.

There are 4 main areas of entrepreneurship:

1) production;

2) commercial;

3) financial;

4) the sphere of consumption.

Other types of entrepreneurial activities, such as marketing, are part of the four main areas of entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurship is characterized by such features as self-sufficiency, initiative, independence, responsibility, riskiness, active search for a new one, dynamism in development, mobility.

Entrepreneurship, in principle, can be done by everyone, since it is a public activity, but not every person has the opportunity and ability to entrepreneurship. According to Russian law, any citizen capable of acting can be an entrepreneur. To become a successful businessman, you need abilities, knowledge, ability to work, energy.

Entrepreneurial activity can go in two directions:

1) direct production of any goods, product or service;

2) the implementation of intermediary functions to promote the goods from the producer to the consumer.

Entrepreneurship has the general properties of any economic processes. However, it has its own specific content, direction, sequence of procedures carried out by the entrepreneur.

Business Factors - this is everything that an entrepreneur uses in his activities, this includes both the means of production and the circulation of goods in the form of human resources, material resources, information and finance involved in production that require transportation. In part, these factors are available to the entrepreneur himself. If the entrepreneur does not have such factors, then it is possible to purchase these factors from their right holders (owners) for a certain cost; with their help, the entrepreneur produces and sells goods to the consumer.

If the factors are the goods necessary for the consumer, then the entrepreneur acts as an intermediary dealer.

Entrepreneurship is a certain type of economic activity.

As a result of entrepreneurial activity, the goals set by the entrepreneur are realized.

The main objectives of entrepreneurial activity are:

1) profit from capital, financial, resource and material resources spent on a particular activity for a certain period of time;

2) satisfaction of consumer demand, its specific needs.

Of course, there are many more goals and In a broad sense, we can talk about the following goals:

1) the accumulation of funds to expand production, to conquer new markets and increase capital;

2) stimulating the motivation of employees, increasing interest, increasing labor productivity;

3) orientation of customer demand for these products.

To achieve the goals, specific tasks of entrepreneurial activity are determined and solved in accordance with the policy of the enterprise. The purpose of the organization forms the direction and methods of entrepreneurial activity. The tasks of entrepreneurial activity and their solution, which lead to the achievement of the set goals, can be divided into two areas:

1) a set of tasks, the implementation of which positively affects the success of the innovative activity of the entrepreneur;

2) a set of measures to increase the efficiency of production processes or intermediary activities that were previously carried out or have just begun to be carried out.

3. Forms of entrepreneurship

The success of entrepreneurial activity is associated with the correct choice of its form, especially organizational and legal, since this directly affects the efficiency of the enterprise. At the present stage in Russia, this issue is quite acute in the transition to an entrepreneurial type of management. A significant drawback, which greatly slows down the creation and development of entrepreneurship, is a weak legislative and regulatory framework. It is easier for small and first-time organizations in this regard; the situation is more complicated with large, especially privatized enterprises. The growing bureaucratic apparatus puts more and more obstacles in the way of entrepreneurs. The choice of the form of entrepreneurship in any case will be faced by a specific manager. Those forms of entrepreneurship are effective that, under certain conditions, allow the most profitable use of financial and material resources, industrial and social infrastructure, labor, intellectual and natural resources, existing economic and market relations.

According to the form of ownership, there are personal, private (including private collective), state, municipal and mixed enterprises. There are also several types of entrepreneurship; there is no single classification. Entrepreneurship is also divided by scale into small, medium and large (corporate); are considered by the breadth of territorial coverage (local, regional, national and interstate) and by sectoral focus (industrial, agricultural, construction, transport, trade, etc.).

The cornerstone is the organizational and legal aspects of entrepreneurship. Recently, some changes have taken place in the classical structure - it has expanded. The choice of the form of economic activity is determined by the amount of capital and the responsibility of the entrepreneur for the results of his activities. Of great importance here are such factors as the scale of the proposed activity, its types, sectoral orientation, the economic situation in the country and in the region, state policy and the social structure of society. All this must be taken into account and calculated when drawing up a business plan. Only a comprehensive consideration of all factors and conditions helps to answer the question of which of the organizational and legal forms will be the most effective for a given organization.

4. History of Russian entrepreneurship

In the Russian economy, especially after Perestroika, small businesses are the basis for a new economic system. The private sector as such originated precisely in the sphere of small business. The internal opportunities and potential for the development of small business are quite wide and are not fully disclosed.

In the 1990s The volume of the small and medium-sized business sector as a part of GDP has been steadily growing - this is a significant fact, especially against the background of the ongoing decline in almost all areas of the Russian economy. In the development of entrepreneurship in general, over the past few years, radically new trends have emerged, expressed, first of all, in a significant decrease in the growth rate of the percentage of small enterprises, while in the early 1990s. the dynamics of small business development was characterized by a steady growth in their number and quantity.

Russian entrepreneurship in its development over the past 10 years has already gone through two stages and is on the eve of entering a new, third stage.

First (the most striking) took place in the conditions of the former USSR in the late 1980s. Huge benefits of all kinds were allocated, various subsidies, including those from the state budget. Since the conditions were quite favorable, there was a very rapid and easy accumulation of capital, the production of scarce consumer goods and the sphere of all kinds of household services, which were equally scarce at that time, retail trade, public catering, etc., began to develop. All this had a positive effect on the economic situation in the country, but small businesses only acted as channels for transferring the resources of centrally controlled state-owned enterprises to the shadow economy, in favor of criminal entrepreneurship. These negative processes were influenced by a huge number of objective factors. Huge funds siphoned off by entrepreneurship from the accumulation sphere of the public sector, and often from the country, were not used for the further development of national entrepreneurship, production and its infrastructure.

Of course, not only negative aspects took place in the development of business in Russia. All reforms were carried out from above, in the strict traditions of the command-administrative system.

The second stage conditionally begins in 1992, the year of shock therapy, which was characterized by the highest since the mid-1980s. the growth rate of the number of small enterprises (by 2,1 times) and the number of employees of these organizations. This fact is phenomenal, since the price liberalization carried out at that time and the introduction of tax pressure greatly undermined the financial base of small businesses. The huge rate of inflation led to the depreciation of the savings of the population and, as a result, a decrease in purchasing power and a sharp increase in interest rates on bank loans. Investment activity was in a stupor, this task does not lose relevance until now.

The expected rapid and effective development of the country's economy did not happen, since the illiterate domestic policy of the state did not help the development of entrepreneurship, but only slowed it down.

The active growth of private entrepreneurship in 1992 was due to the rapid development of the trade and intermediary business, which in turn was a response to the undermining of the original financial base. The liberalization of foreign trade back in the conditions of the former USSR and the absence of prohibitions on private activities within the country created favorable conditions for any trade activity.

The sharp decline in consumer effective demand was then significantly compensated by small trading businesses by importing goods that were not of very high quality (such as Chinese-made products), but were in great demand among the Russian consumer. Small trade was mobile, easily adjusted to the growing socio-economic differentiation of Russian society. The positive impact of trade and intermediary activities of entrepreneurship is participation in the creation of new economic ties. A complete break in the ties established in the Soviet era between enterprises opened up wide opportunities for the activities of small firms in the supply and marketing of products.

The rush of entrepreneurship towards trading and intermediary activities is also a natural reaction to the tax pressure imposed by the government. Trade and intermediary activities, focused on working with hard-to-control cash, opened up great opportunities for tax evasion.

In connection with the prevailing objective conditions, by 1995, all the possibilities of super-profitable trading and intermediary activities and free market niches had practically exhausted themselves. Many enterprises of a predominantly trade and intermediary orientation that arose during the period of Perestroika either ceased to exist or fell into a difficult crisis situation. This situation has led to the formation of new trends in the development of Russian entrepreneurship. From this moment begins the third stage of serious changes in the dynamics and structure of entrepreneurship.

Only by 1995 did the regularities of a civilized market economy become more and more apparent. In the economic life of Russia, a trend began to be traced towards the beginning of a market concentration of capital, which was new for that time. The process of takeover of enterprises, often the most profitable, is gaining momentum. In this sense, at this stage of Russian reforms, there is also a decrease in the number of entrepreneurial projects.

The slowdown in the creation and development of new enterprises is also explained by the fact that such a negative powerful factor influencing the increase in the number of enterprises, such as rising unemployment, has come into force in economic and social terms, especially according to unofficial data.

The most significant and negative effect is the criminalization of entrepreneurship, which significantly slows down the development and normal functioning of entrepreneurship.

It can be stated that in 1994-1995. the policy of moderately soft financial stabilization pursued by the Russian government, on the one hand, was accompanied by a significant slowdown in the growth of the number of private enterprises, but, on the other hand, the sanation effect was clearly visible. In Russia, a completely different economic situation began to emerge, in which the private sector began to play the role characteristic of entrepreneurship in a normal market economy.

The policy of state support, as a rule, was carried out on the basis of subsidies, tax incentives, the creation (albeit still in an incomplete form) of a civilized legislative space, information support, training of qualified personnel, establishing effective coordination in the field of business between the Federal Center and the subjects of the Federation, as well as with local authorities.

Theoretically, a new breakthrough in the dynamics of entrepreneurship can lead to an increase in its macroeconomic weight in all respects. This should be expected as the prerequisites for the formation of an integral system of market management are accumulated, decisive steps are taken in the field of de-monopolization of the economy, de-bureaucratization of management and, of course, a general transition to the phase of revival and growth of production and industrial investment.

In order to consolidate and further develop the positive trends in the growth of Russian entrepreneurship and to radically expand the field of its activity, it is necessary to intensify state support at all levels. First of all, the sphere of lending and insurance of small businesses needs support, in which many questions remain to this day. The need is to decriminalize small businesses. It is also fundamentally important to expand the innovative and scientific activities of entrepreneurs in the interests of the development of all spheres of the Russian economy. Only a real recovery in the economy will make it possible to move on to the fourth stage of a truly market development of Russian small business.

5. Resources, factors and business results

As world experience and practice have shown, the existence and interaction of large, medium and small businesses are important elements of a market economy.

Of particular importance for business are structural restructuring of the economy, accelerating the pace of development of the scientific and technological process, and the formation of a new social stratum. The development of all forms of business creates the prerequisites for accelerating economic growth, contributes to the saturation of markets with all kinds of goods and services, making it possible to deal with the negative aspects of a market economy, such as unemployment and various kinds of crises.

Business has a huge potential for the intensive development of the economy and society as a whole. A characteristic feature of the business is high efficiency in the use of all types of resources and the constant desire to minimize losses, ensure their most rational proportions for the given conditions - after all, the enterprise does not have extra equipment, excess stocks of raw materials and materials, excess labor. This factor is one of the most important circumstances for achieving dynamic indicators of the economy as a whole.

Thus, in general, for the country's economy, the importance of business cannot be overestimated, and its influence on various aspects of social reproduction is very significant.

A special role for a single country is played by small business as the leading sector that determines the rate of economic growth, the structure and qualitative composition of the gross national product. However, it is not only quantitative indicators that matter; this factor, in principle, is typically a market one and underlies the modern market infrastructure.

The main advantages and characteristics of a small business:

1) mobility, the ability to make more flexible, timely and operational decisions; in large corporations, unlike small businesses, the structure of managerial decision-making is simplified, which makes it possible to easily and quickly respond to market changes taking place on the market, including even switching from one type of production to another;

2) orientation of producers mainly to regional and local markets;

3) maintaining the level of employment of the population and creating new jobs is extremely important, especially for Russia;

4) performance of auxiliary functions in relation to large enterprises; large firms break up the production process, bringing it to the phase of small enterprises;

5) small initial investment - small enterprises have shorter construction periods; medium-sized sizes allow them to rearm faster and cheaper, introduce new technologies and automate production, achieve the optimal combination of mechanized and manual labor.

Venture capital firms are very active in the field of innovation, which can quite successfully create competition with large ones, achieving accelerated rates of introduction of scientific and technical innovations. Small firms with their mobility and innovative solutions in the conditions of competition of new products have found their place in the management system. They are engaged in the development of innovations, allocating large firms only capital-intensive stages of industrial production. The achievements of scientific and technological progress used make it possible to quickly connect to knowledge-intensive industries in the absence of large capital.

Small firms have to work in conditions of strong market competition, which not everyone is able to cope with. In most cases (about 90%), firms go bankrupt not because of a lack of finance or irrational technology, but because of the lack of managerial knowledge that is necessary to make competent decisions in market conditions.

Reasons for failure can be: incompetence or lack of experience in commercial and financial operations, in supply, production and management, low sales volumes, fierce competition, too high production costs.

6. New approaches to the problem of improving the efficiency of entrepreneurship

The effectiveness of entrepreneurship is characterized by the full and competent use of resources to achieve the goals. The problem of entrepreneurial efficiency exists both at the level of a single enterprise and within the entire economic system, when one can talk about the efficiency of the economy as a whole. Here we are talking about reducing production costs and maximizing profit in such conditions.

It should be noted that an increase in efficiency always exacerbates the contradictions between economic and social structures, as the gap between the incomes of different social strata increases, but in the long run it generally leads to an increase in GDP per capita. Thus, by developing production and increasing investments in it, society creates a platform for improving the living standards of people later.

When evaluating the effectiveness of a market economy, inflation gives it an important specificity, which leads enterprises to crisis situations, distorting all data on their condition, which threatens with incorrect management decisions. Therefore, correct and objective performance indicators are only those that are cleared of the inflationary component.

As a result, increasing efficiency comes down to maximizing profits while reducing costs against the background of increasing labor productivity using the achievements of scientific and technological progress (the use of the latest technology, advanced technologies, modern forms of production management, etc.).

The versatility of entrepreneurial activity determines various aspects of the content of the effectiveness of entrepreneurship.

Market research plays an important role in improving the efficiency of entrepreneurship. Such data are taken as the basis for choosing the strategy and activities of entrepreneurs. The stability of the enterprise in the market and profit volumes largely depend on the quality and objectivity of these data. Even with minor inaccuracies in information, an enterprise can fail and subsequently fall into a crisis.

At the end of the XNUMXth century, when many countries began to strive to open their economies and domestic markets were oversaturated with their products, new trends emerged, enterprises gained access to new markets against the backdrop of fierce competition, which ultimately led to an increase in the efficiency of those who remained afloat in the prevailing conditions. To emerge victorious in the competition, ensure the competitiveness of manufactured products and reduce business risks, today it is not enough to study, predict and take into account consumer demand. It is necessary to adapt to the constantly changing tastes of the consumer.

The assessment of the functioning of the company is carried out according to performance indicators and depends on the goals of the analysis:

1) strategic goals - selection of indicators and comparison of the results of the organization's activities with its competitors;

2) tactical goals - management controls not only the organization as a whole, but also all its structural divisions at different levels;

3) planning tasks - can be very different - from the product and the technology of its production to the organization of the work of personnel;

4) other management objectives - negotiations with trade unions, advertising campaigns, evaluation of the impact of expected government restrictions, etc.

The activity of the firm (entrepreneurial activity) is involved in the cycle of financial investments of creditors and investors, which turn into real-life factors of production, which in turn turn into finished physical products, and goods and services (through trade transactions) are transformed into outgoing financial flows that are divided between creditors. and investors and then put back into production.

At the stages of investing in production, developing a business plan and selling the company's products, there are various aspects of the use of production factors and therefore the system of indicators of the effectiveness of their use is complex and multilateral.

The generalizing indicators of the efficiency of the production activity of the company as a whole are determined by comparing the volume of all material resources and the final result of its activity: the return on capital (assets) of the organization, the turnover of all capital, costs per unit of finished products, profitability of production and the average annual cost of fixed and working capital. The most general indicator is the profitability of all capital. It reflects the organization's profit per one ruble of funds spent. This indicator is the most objective, it is also called the rate of return or the rate of return on funds. Tracking changes in this indicator and the reasons for such changes is the main task of the enterprise administration.

For a complete picture of the state of the enterprise, a full extended analysis of all performance indicators is required, taking into account the factors influencing their changes.

7. Virtual business

Management activity is in modern conditions one of the most important factors in the functioning and development of entrepreneurship. This activity is constantly changing in accordance with the objective requirements of the production and distribution of goods, the development of economic relations, the increasing role of the consumer in shaping the range of products, their technical, economic and other parameters. Changes in the conditions of the general economic situation and production activities, the need for timely and adequate adaptation of managerial decisions to it affect the redistribution of management functions according to levels of responsibility, forms of their interaction.

The latest developments in the field of electronics have led to new forms of organization of information services. Thanks to high-performance, fast and economical microprocessors, information and computing resources greatly facilitate the work and increase the productivity of managers, accountants, economists, administrators, engineers and other categories of workers.

In a market economy, information has become one of the main commodities. The success of business and entrepreneurial activity is almost always associated with municipal, banking, exchange information systems, wholesale or retail trade, labor and employment management services; in addition, data banks of goods and services markets are often created, reference information centers are being developed; E-mail and electronic data interchange are becoming indispensable means of information transfer for both small firms and large companies. Typically, the operation of such systems is based on local and global networks, called the Internet.

Modern business cannot develop successfully without information; a huge number of means of communication are used. From the office of any organization stretches a lot of wires, through which a wide variety of information is transmitted, as a rule, in digital and voice form.

Internet - one of the most popular systems for selling information and advertising. The prevalence and interest in it is only increasing every year, and at a tremendous pace. This system allows you to arrange a profitable business, opens up new opportunities for generating income. Most experts agree: the Internet is the business of the XNUMXst century; but in Russia it is only gaining momentum. Information brokers, Web-designers and other areas are especially popular today. Right now, there are opportunities for many organizations to take advantage of the opportunities that are opening up.

A year ago, a number of leading Russian companies began to discuss purely theoretical questions about whether e-commerce is a viable commercial environment. It cannot be said that over the past few years there have been some global changes. Although the number of online stores and various types of companies trading on the Internet has increased, the distrust of a larger number of users in their activities has remained. This, in turn, is a significant problem and hinders the development of this industry.

Today in Russia, an electronic store is not a very profitable enterprise. It is more correct to consider it as advertising, an image addition to "physically" existing stores, that is, attracting the attention of potential consumers, customers, partners, sponsors and demonstrating the company's competence in its field. It is also important to take into account the leap in science and technology that has taken place in recent years, the competence of consumers, the level of which is constantly growing. The Internet is more detailed and cheaper to provide informative information, which, accompanied by descriptions of real goods, allows the organization to attract a potential buyer to purchase in its stores. When a potential buyer is interested, managers are involved in working with him, whose competence includes the sale of goods to a specific person. Prices and novelties are the most important elements of the driving force of consumer demand. Advertising today is a rather long and expensive process that does not always pay off the costs. To date, many organizations have begun to focus not on classic intrusive advertising, but on small frequent reminders not even about the product, but about their company. In this regard, the Internet is indispensable for any organization. Moreover, this information is in front of the user around the clock. For companies (both small and large) it is important to work on the formation of a permanent customer base.

At any time, without delay, a potential buyer can:

1) contact the firm;

2) get advice on questions of interest to him or information about the availability of goods;

3) place an order and receive an invoice.

If such conditions are provided, the likelihood that its purchase will take place here increases.

In this aspect, the role of a round-the-clock available virtual store is increasing.

Successes in the economy and the national economy are always inextricably linked with the development of industry. In these areas, the issues of virtual data exchange, financial transactions, transactions, etc. do not arise at all, since the issue of automation and computerization of industry has not been resolved.

Many enterprises need funds, but often use the available finance illiterately. Today, massive unsystematic purchases of PCs and office equipment are carried out, software (especially licensed) is outdated or not available at all. Enterprises do not have information about the existing unique programs that might be suitable for them, and about the venues for various exhibitions and presentations of modern equipment and software.

Government agencies and the media usually do not cover such events, since this is not included in the list of their interests. In many cases, the development strategy of an enterprise is determined by a random combination of circumstances. In addition, the question of the low level of staff training remains. Modern higher education rarely meets the requirements of employers, people with experience are often not ready to work with new technology, equipment and programs. To work effectively, firms have to take care of the training or retraining of employees.

The main requirement for production management systems is integration. Each organization has its own information field, where information is accumulated, interacts with others, and a new one is generated, which is necessary for making specific management decisions.

One of the issues solved by the enterprise when purchasing a program, in addition to choosing the content, is the choice of the manufacturer. Domestic manufacturers are skeptical because of the underdevelopment of this industry in Russia, the incompatibility of programs with each other, the impossibility of transferring data from one system to another. Western analogues meet modern requirements, but can not always be applied in our conditions.

Authors: Egorova E.N., Loginova E.Yu.

>> Forward: Types of entrepreneurship (Private, collective, public entrepreneurship. Industrial entrepreneurship. Trade entrepreneurship. Financial entrepreneurship. Insurance entrepreneurship. Intermediary entrepreneurship. Combination of types of entrepreneurship)

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Database. Lecture notes

▪ Pathological anatomy. Lecture notes

▪ State and municipal finance. Lecture notes

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive Computing cluster technology from Apple 12.01.2004 Apple has said it is developing a computing cluster technology called Xgrid. Apple's division - Advanced Computation Group - just dealing with distributed computing networks, introduced a new platform designed primarily for scientific computing tasks. Already, Xgrid technology is being used to launch the BLAST gene programming application. The beta version of the platform can be downloaded for free from the Apple website.

Other interesting news:

▪ Portable explosives scanner

▪ How to restore the taste of tomatoes

▪ Baldness patch

▪ A cure for old age

▪ 3D printed fish

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Household electrical appliances. Selection of articles

▪ article Wash the bones. Popular expression

▪ article Which insects hunt with bioluminescence? Detailed answer

▪ article Abyssinian mustard. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Electrical insulating materials. Physical properties and technical characteristics. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article 16 words. Focus Secret

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages ​​of this page

Arabic	Hebrew	Polish
Bengali	Hindi	Portuguese
Chinese	Italian	Spanish
English	Japanese	Turkish
French	Korean	Ukrainian
German	Malay	Vietnamese

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews

www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024