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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Lunokhod. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us In NPO them. S.A. Lavochkin, in Khimki near Moscow, at the end of the past millennium solemnly celebrated the thirtieth anniversary of the first Soviet lunar self-propelled vehicle - Lunokhod-1. And only then, for the first time, was it told here that the Soviet program of several lunar rovers was only a small part of the extensive construction of the lunar paramilitary base of the Soviet Union. Although in those days, even in documents marked "secret" it was called purely peaceful. One of the few journalists of Pravda and Komsomolskaya Pravda who were allowed by the Central Committee of the CPSU to write on rocket and space topics was Vladimir Gubarev. Here is what he said: "Its crew was supposed to consist of 12 people. In the Crimea, near Evpatoria, they built a "lunodrome" - a test site that imitated the rugged terrain of the Sea of Rains, on which they tested the driving performance of a lunar tractor. And not only in automatic mode. I will never forget how famously It was controlled by cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky while sitting on horseback. Of those who were preparing to become "lunar tractor drivers", only a few names were identified. Here they are, called for the first time, fanned by failed glory - Alexei Leonov, Pyotr Kolodin, Vladimir Aksenov, Oleg Makarov. Nearby, almost in direct line of sight with the lunodrome, a warship was dug into the Crimean land, from which the on-deck gun turrets were removed. Instead, they put giant parabolic antennas on the rotary mechanisms - so they could, slowly rotating, monitor the passage of Soviet and adversary space technology across the sky. The holds were stuffed with all sorts of electronics, and engineers of the ground control complex settled in the cabins instead of sailors. The crew of "Lunokhod-1" also lived there during business trips. Few people know another curious fact from the space race. While the Americans, playing for our first artificial satellite and Gagarin, reached the finish line of preparing for a manned flight to the moon, the plan for a lunar village was already prepared in the USSR. Four copies of Lunokhod-1 were made. And they were all designed to work in it - can you imagine the scale?" At the same anniversary meeting, it turned out that the Proton-class carrier with the first Lunokhod-1 launched on February 19, 1969, but exploded at the fifty-second second of flight. Thus, Neil Armstrong became the first on the moon. It happened in July of that year. And only in November did the second copy of the Soviet Lunokhod-1 successfully fly. It was delivered to the Moon by the Luna-17 spacecraft and worked on its surface for almost a year - from November 17, 1970 to October 4, 1971.
“To be more precise, our lunar robot, controlled by radio commands from the Earth, “turned its wheels” through lunar dust in the Sea of Rains for 301 days 6 hours 37 minutes, stopping research on the celestial body closest to us due to the development of resources of an isotopic heat source,” said the presenter Y. Delvin, designer of Lunokhod-1 - Imagine: on the Moon, the device was surrounded by space vacuum, it was "stung" by hard cosmic radiation, that is, the radiation was the same as inside a nuclear reactor, if not worse. : on the side of the "tractor" illuminated by the Sun, it is plus 150 Celsius, and on the opposite side - minus 130! And with all this, inside the sealed case for the normal functioning of scientific equipment, due to the circulating gas heated by the same isotope source, "room" temperature was maintained, humidity and pressure. The mass of the first lunar rover was 756 kilograms, length - 4,42 meters, width - 2,15 meters, height - 1,92 meters. The body was made of magnesium alloys. Low, fragile-looking wheels carried a large, heavy container with instruments. But everything on the Moon weighs six times less than on Earth.
"Lunokhod-1" and the "Lunokhod-2" that followed it bore little resemblance to modern modes of transport. A trolley-like body, spokes in the wheels ... But each wheel was rotated by its own electric motor, each had its own brake. So it was possible to achieve high maneuverability of the apparatus. The electric motor was used for the simple reason that only for it there is "fuel" on the moon. It is supplied in unlimited quantities by the Sun. The solar battery was mounted on the cover of the instrument compartment. The power supply system of the lunar rover also included chemical buffer batteries. Lunokhods not only moved back and forth, but also turned around, bypassing deep craters and inaccessible rocks. As soon as the tilt angle of the trolley exceeded the allowable one, the devices automatically stopped. Television cameras served as the "eyes" of the moon rovers. Everything they saw they conveyed to their crew. And although the commander, navigator and driver of the lunar rover were on Earth, they perfectly controlled it by radio. Of course, it wasn't easy. Indeed, during the time that the radio signal went to the moon and the response of the machine reached the Earth, the mobile laboratory managed to travel several meters. The stars, the Sun and the Earth, clearly visible in the eternally cloudless lunar sky, helped the crew to drive their car strictly along the planned route. Their crew also saw the "eyes" of the lunar rover. The expedition of the lunar rover was called scientific for a reason. The physical and mechanical properties of the soil were studied at more than 500 points, and its chemical analysis was made at 25 points. Lunokhod measured the magnetic field of various parts of the lunar surface. It was also equipped with astrophysical instruments. Lunokhod examined in detail 80000 square meters of the lunar surface. TV systems transmitted more than 200 panoramas and 20000 surface shots. The distance traveled is 10 kilometers 540 meters. All together - this is an achievement even by modern standards. A special light reflector was installed on the self-propelled laboratory. According to the travel time of a laser beam sent from the Earth to the lunar rover and back, the distance separating our planet and its natural satellite was accurately determined. American astronauts also used wheeled vehicles on the Moon. They traveled on their lunar rovers far from the landing sites of the lunar cabins. The machines not only saved the strength of the first lunar explorers, but also significantly expanded the possibilities of scientific research on the lunar surface. Lunokhods became the first alien transport. The principles of their design, extensive operating experience will undoubtedly be used later in the study of the planets of the solar system. Lunokhod was designed for three months of work in extreme conditions of outer space. And it worked three times longer. Some ufologists claim that he was "helped" by representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations that support earthlings. They also said that the archives contain secret panoramas of the Moon, which recorded some artificial structures, alien bases and their vehicles - luminous plasma balls of different diameters... “About aliens - nonsense,” says the technical manager of the project R. Mann. “The fact of the long-term operation of the device shows the then level of reliability and technological development of space technology. Lunar rovers did not make any secret videos and photographs with aliens or mysterious plasmoid balls. does not exist". However, there were small secrets. From somewhere in the Kremlin, a social order was received to write out the inscription "March 8" and the number "24" on the moon dust, which means fidelity to the decisions of the next, XXIV Congress of the CPSU. The head of the Lunokhod-1 project, Georgy Babakin, was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for this work, and he became a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences. The entire team of project participants was awarded orders, all received cash prizes. After a terrible accident with the N-1 launch vehicle, the lunar settlement project had to be abandoned. In January 1973, Lunokhod-2 worked in the Sea of Clarity for five days, passing 37 kilometers along the Selena. Two skeletons of "lunar tractors" and intricate traces of their tracks - all that remains of the grandiose undertaking of the lunar base of the Soviet Union. The Lunodrome near Yevpatoria has survived to this day. Having done its job, Lunokhod-1 remained on the Moon. The third copy takes pride of place in the NPO Museum. S.A. Lavochkin. The fourth was first placed in the Cosmos pavilion at the VDNKh of the USSR, and then, having been replaced with a life-size model, it was sold to one of the US space museums. Author: Musskiy S.A.
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