How did Islam arise, what are its main features? Detailed answer

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How did Islam arise, what are its main features? Detailed answer

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How did Islam arise, what are its main features?

"Islam" in Arabic means "giving oneself to God." The third world monotheistic religion after Judaism and Christianity - Islam - arose in the XNUMXth century. in the Arabian desert. God (Allah in Arabic) sent down a revelation to Muhammad (Mohammed), which means "praiseworthy." Islam is based on the Koran (from the Arabic "quran" - reading aloud).

Mohammed came from the powerful Meccan tribe of Quraish, he was the grandson of Abu al-Muttalib, the head of the Hashim clan, and the son of Abdullah. Muhammad lost his mother at the age of six. His uncle Abu Talib became his guardian. A few years later, Muhammad was welcomed by the wealthy widow Khadija. She liked him and she decided to marry him. The wedding took place in 595. Muhammad became the Prophet fifteen years later.

Revelations have multiplied. Muhammad began preaching in 611. Fearing that Muhammad would undermine faith in idols and prevent the pilgrimage to Mecca, the wealthy Meccans opposed him. In 622, together with 75 companions, he took refuge in Yathrib, which has since become known as Medina, the city of the Prophet. A religious leader, statesman and military leader, Muhammad founded the first Muslim city. He signed the covenant of the Medina community together with other people, and his companions adopted the name of Muslims. The Meccans had several battles with Muhammad's associates: he won the battle of Badr (624), lost the battle of Uhud (625), and won the "battle of the ditch" (627), defending Medina from the enemy. In 630 he entered Mecca in triumph. He returned there two years later on the so-called Farewell Pilgrimage. On June 8, 632, the Prophet died suddenly in Medina. The Muslims began to conquer the world.

After himself, Muhammad left the teachings set forth in the Koran, which is the word of God, and the model - the life of the prophet, which every Muslim should imitate. His companions actually observed his actions, his behavior and remembered what he said on certain occasions. "Traditions about words and actions" ("Hadith") constitute a collection (Sunnah). Islamic law (Sharia) is based on two sources - the Koran and the Sunnah. Islam is simple, it knows neither sacraments nor monasticism. Dogmas tell him what to believe, Sharia tells him what to do and what not to do.

A Muslim has five main duties, "five pillars of faith" ("lasso"). The first is the confession of faith ("shahada"). The second is prayer ("saayat"). The prayer is said five times a day. The third pillar is associated with the month of Ramadan, when a believer from sunrise to sunset must observe fasting and abstinence ("saum"). The fourth pillar of Islam is almsgiving (zakat), a tax that the rich pay to help the poor. The fifth is the pilgrimage ("Hajj"). Every Muslim, if his means allow, should visit Mecca once in his life.

There are few dogmas in Islam. The first and main one is the belief in monotheism ("tawhid"). Then one should believe in angels, in particular in Jabrail, who transmits divine commands, in Michael, in Israfil. Each person also has two guardian angels. In addition, one should believe in the Last Judgment, after which the good will go to heaven, and the evil - to the fire of hell. Social relations are regulated by prescriptions and prohibitions. So, the duty of a Muslim is to get married. The Qur'an allows a man to take four wives (provided that he can provide them with everything they need and support them accordingly). Otherwise, he must be satisfied with one, but he can divorce her and take another wife. The Qur'an commands the thief's hand to be cut off, but this punishment is rarely used. It is forbidden to eat pork and drink wine, but the last prohibition was not always respected.

In the X and the first half of the XI century. Iran experienced an unprecedented upsurge in agriculture and handicrafts. This was facilitated by the fall of the dominion of the Arab Caliphate and the creation of independent feudal states. In the west of Iran, the state of the Buyids was created, in the east of Iran and in Central Asia, the state of the Samosnids.

At this time, large irrigation works were carried out everywhere in Iran. Fars in the second half of the 10th century. By order of the Buyid sovereign Azud-ad-Doule, the famous "Azud dam" was built on the Kur River, it was made of stone slabs with lead fasteners. An artificial lake was formed. XNUMX large water-lifting wheels were placed along its banks; canals were diverted from the reservoir.

Great progress has been made in viticulture. More than 100 varieties of grapes were known only in Khorasan.

Wheat, barley, rice, cotton, raisins, etc. were exported to other countries from Iran.

Brocade and gold embroidery were produced in large quantities. In large cities, copper, silver and gold items, weapons, and medicines were produced.

The slave trade flourished.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

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A group of ornithologists from the United States and Brazil have announced that the one-horned bell ringer Procnias albus, which lives in the forests of the Amazon, is the loudest bird on Earth. Males of these birds can produce a sound at least nine decibels higher than the previous record.

Male ringers are painted bright white and are distinguished by a long "whisker" above the beak. Attracting females, they sing songs, the volume of which can reach 125 decibels. For comparison, the volume of a fire siren is 100 decibels, and near the working engines of an aircraft, the sound reaches 120 decibels.

The previous record was held by the noisy Lipaugus vociferans. In the course of the study, the scientists measured the volume of singing of three fir and eight ringers in natural conditions and from different distances, accurately fixing the distance to the bird. This made it possible to calculate the volume that 250-gram single-whiskered bell ringers are capable of and set a new record. The authors note that small birds are perfectly adapted for loud songs, they are distinguished by thick “press” muscles and the ability to open their beaks especially wide.

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