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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Light-emitting diode. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us LED or light-emitting diode - a semiconductor device with an electron-hole junction that creates optical radiation when an electric current is passed through it in the forward direction. The light emitted by the LED lies in a narrow range of the spectrum. In other words, its crystal initially emits a specific color (if we are talking about LEDs in the visible range) - unlike a lamp that emits a wider spectrum, where the desired color can only be obtained by using an external light filter. The emission range of an LED largely depends on the chemical composition of the semiconductors used.
The reference books say that the tunnel diode was invented in 1958 by Leo Esaki (in 1973 he received the Nobel Prize for this), and the LED by Nick Holonyak in 1962. Meanwhile, a simple Soviet laboratory assistant was ahead of both by more than 30 years. Already in childhood, Oleg Losev knew for sure what he would devote his life to. In 1917, he attended a lecture by the head of a military radio station, and from that moment on, everything ceased to exist for him, except for the "wireless telegraph". After school, Oleg Losev, unable to enter the Moscow Institute of Communications, thanks to a chance acquaintance with the professor of the Riga Polytechnic Institute Vladimir Lebedinsky, the first chairman of the Russian Society of Radio Engineers (RORI), ended up in the Nizhny Novgorod Radio Laboratory (NRL). NRL at that time was an innovative center where both fundamental and applied scientific research was carried out in the field of then emerging electronics and electrical engineering. In the NRL, Losev, who worked as a laboratory assistant, decided to study crystal detectors for radio reception. These elements were whimsical, but seemed to him more promising than bulky and voracious vacuum tubes. In addition, Losev, a lone researcher by nature, could experiment with detectors completely independently - moving the contact needle by the smallest fractions of a millimeter along the surface of the crystal. He proceeded from the premise that "some contacts ... between a metal and a crystal do not obey Ohm's law, it is likely that undamped oscillations may occur in an oscillatory circuit connected to such a contact." He was mistaken: it was already known that generation requires not just a nonlinearity of the current-voltage characteristic, but a falling section (this is the section provided by modern avalanche diodes). But Losev turned out to be very lucky - he discovered this effect on the contact of zincite with a carbon needle, achieving the world's first heterodyne radio reception based on semiconductor elements. In 1922, Losev's article on new radio elements, called "cristadins", was published in the journal "Telegraphy and telephony without wires" ("TiTbp"). Later, Losev's articles on kristadins were published in Soviet ("JETF", "Reports of the ANSSSR"), and in foreign (The Wireless World and Radio Review, Radio News, Radio Revue, Philosophical Magazine, Physikalische Zeitschrift) journals. Improving kristadin, Losev experimented with various materials of semiconductors and contact needles and in 1923 discovered a weak glow at the junction of carborundum and steel wire. The phenomenon was called "Losev's glow", and the discoverer received a patent for a "light relay" (in fact, the first semiconductor LED!) And (in 1938) a PhD in physics and mathematics without defending a dissertation. After the reorganization of the NRL, Losev moved to Leningrad, where he continued his research until the very beginning of the war. And in 1942, the inventor died of starvation in a besieged city, and his work remained unfinished. In 1961, Robert Byard and Gary Pittman of Texas Instruments discovered and patented infrared LED technology. The world's first practical LED operating in the light (red) range was developed by Nick Holonyak at the University of Illinois for the General Electric Company in 1962. Holonyak is thus considered the "father of the modern LED". His former student, George Craford, invented the world's first yellow LED and improved the brightness of red and red-orange LEDs by a factor of 10 in 1972. In 1976, T. Peirsol created the world's first high-performance, high-brightness LED for telecommunication applications, specially adapted for data transmission over fiber-optic communication lines.
LEDs remained extremely expensive until 1968 (about $200 apiece), and their practical application was limited. Jacques Pankow's research at the RCA laboratory led to the industrial production of LEDs; in 1971 he received the first blue LED. Monsanto was the first company to mass-produce LEDs operating in the visible light range and applicable in indicators. Hewlett-Packard succeeded in using LEDs in their early mass-produced pocket calculators.
In the early 1990s, Isama Akasaki, who worked with Hiroshi Amano at Nagoya University, and Suji Nakamura, then a researcher at the Japanese corporation Nichia Chemical Industries, were able to invent a cheap blue light-emitting diode (LED). The three of them were awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the cheap blue LED. LED backlight. In 2014, the Japanese Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura (US citizen) were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the creation of blue LEDs. Author: S.Apresov
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