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BIOGRAPHIES OF GREAT SCIENTISTS
Ampère André-Marie. Biography of a scientist
Directory / Biographies of great scientists
The French scientist Ampère is known in the history of science mainly as the founder of electrodynamics. Meanwhile, he was a universal scientist, having merits in the field of mathematics, chemistry, biology, and even in linguistics and philosophy. He was a brilliant mind, striking with his encyclopedic knowledge of all the people who knew him closely. André-Marie traces her lineage back to Lyon artisans. His father Jean-Jacques Ampère, along with his brothers, traded Lyon silks. Mother Jeanne Sarse is the daughter of one of the major Lyon merchants. André-Marie Ampère was born on January 22, 1775. He spent his childhood in the small estate of Polemier, bought by his father in the vicinity of Lyon. Andre's exceptional abilities manifested themselves at an early age. He never went to school, but he learned reading and arithmetic very quickly. The boy read everything in a row that he found in his father's library. Already at the age of 14, he read all twenty-eight volumes of the French Encyclopedia. Andre showed particular interest in the physical and mathematical sciences. But it was precisely in this area that his father's library was clearly not enough, and Andre began to visit the library of the Lyon College to read the works of great mathematicians. Parents invited a mathematics teacher to Andre. Already at the first meeting, he realized what an extraordinary student he was dealing with. "Do you know how roots are extracted?" he asked Andre. "No," the boy replied, "but I can integrate!" Soon the teacher abandoned the lessons, as his knowledge was clearly not enough to teach such a student. The study of the works of the classics of mathematics and physics was a creative process for the young Ampère. He not only read, but also critically perceived what he read. He had his own thoughts, his original ideas. It was during this period, at the age of thirteen, that he presented his first works in mathematics to the Lyon Academy. In 1789 the Great French bourgeois revolution began. These events played a tragic role in the life of Ampère. In 1793, a rebellion broke out in Lyon, which was soon suppressed. For sympathy with the rebels, Jean-Jacques Ampère was beheaded. Andre experienced the death of his father very hard; he was close to losing his mind. Only a year later, with difficulty finding peace of mind, he was able to return to his studies. The execution of the father had other consequences. By a court verdict, almost all of the family's property was confiscated, and her financial situation deteriorated sharply. Andre had to think about his livelihood. He decided to move to Lyon and give private lessons in mathematics until he could get a job as a full-time teacher in any educational institution. In 1799, Ampère married Catherine Carron. The following year they had a son, named after his father - Jean-Jacques. He later became one of the most famous historians of French literature. This joyful event was overshadowed by Catherine's illness. The cost of living has risen steadily. Despite all the efforts and savings, the funds earned by private lessons were not enough. Finally, in 1802, Ampère was invited to teach physics and chemistry at the Central School of the ancient provincial town of Bourg-en-Bress, sixty kilometers from Lyon. From that moment began his regular teaching activity, which continued throughout his life. Ampère dreamed of restructuring the traditional teaching of physics. Instead - boring teachers-officials, a wretched laboratory and a poor physical office, everyday everyday worries. However, he worked hard to fill in the gaps in his knowledge. At the same time, he did not leave the hope of returning to Lyon to his wife and son. And soon it came true. On April 4, 1803, Ampère was appointed teacher of mathematics at the Lyceum of Lyon. Happy, he returned to Lyon, but soon a heavy blow fell on Ampère - his wife died. At the end of 1804, Ampère left Lyon and moved to Paris, where he received a teaching position at the famous Polytechnic School. This higher school was organized in 1794 and soon became the national pride of France. The main task of the school was to train highly educated technical specialists with deep knowledge of physical and mathematical sciences. In Paris, Ampère felt lonely. He was entirely at the mercy of the memories of his short happy life. This is the main theme of his letters to relatives and friends. He had previously been known as an eccentric and absent-minded person. Now, these traits of his character have become even more noticeable. To them was added excessive imbalance. All this prevented him from presenting well to his listeners the material that he actually mastered excellently. Several important events happened in Ampère's life at this time: in 1806 he entered into a second marriage, in 1807 he was appointed professor at the Polytechnic School. In 1808, the scientist received the post of chief inspector of universities. All this improved his financial situation and brought some peace, but not for long. The second marriage was very unsuccessful, his new wife Jenny Poto turned out to be a very absurd and limited person. Ampère made many efforts to somehow reconcile with her in the name of the daughter born of this marriage. However, his efforts were in vain. New experiences were added to experiences on this basis - in 1809, Ampere's mother died. These unfortunate events could not but affect his scientific activity. Nevertheless, between 1809 and 1814 Ampère published several valuable papers on the theory of series. The heyday of Ampere's scientific activity falls on the years 1814-1824 and is associated mainly with the Academy of Sciences, to which he was elected on November 28, 1814 for his merits in the field of mathematics. Almost until 1820, the main interests of the scientist focused on the problems of mathematics, mechanics and chemistry. At that time, he was very little involved in physics issues: only two works of this period are known, devoted to optics and the molecular-kinetic theory of gases. As for mathematics, it was in this area that he achieved results, which gave grounds to nominate him as a candidate for the academy in the mathematical department. Ampere always considered mathematics as a powerful tool for solving various applied problems of physics and technology. Already his first published mathematical work, devoted to the theory of probability, was essentially applied in nature and was called Considerations on the Mathematical Theory of Games (1802). Questions of the theory of probability interested him in the future. In the study of many problems in physics and mechanics, the so-called partial differential equations are of great importance. The solution of such equations is associated with significant mathematical difficulties, which were overcome by the greatest mathematicians. Ampere also made his contribution to mathematical physics, as this branch of science is called. In 1814 alone, he completed several works that were highly appreciated by prominent French mathematicians, in particular, Dallas, Lagrange and Poisson. He does not leave chemistry classes either. His achievements in the field of chemistry include the discovery, independently of Avogadro, of the law of equality of the molar volumes of various gases. It should rightly be called the Avogadro-Ampere law. The scientist also made the first attempt to classify chemical elements based on a comparison of their properties. But it was not these studies, interesting in themselves, and not his mathematical work that made the name of Ampère famous. He became a classic of science, a world famous scientist thanks to his research in the field of electromagnetism. In 1820, the Danish physicist G. H. Oersted discovered that a magnetic needle deviates near a current-carrying conductor. Thus, a remarkable property of electric current was discovered - to create a magnetic field. Ampère studied this phenomenon in detail. A new view of the nature of magnetic phenomena arose from him as a result of a whole series of experiments. Already at the end of the first week of hard work, he made a discovery of no less importance than Oersted - he discovered the interaction of currents. He found that two parallel wires carrying current in the same direction attract each other, and if the directions of the currents are opposite, the wires repel. Ampere explained this phenomenon by the interaction of magnetic fields that create currents. The effect of the interaction of wires with current and magnetic fields is now used in electric motors, in electrical relays and in many electrical measuring instruments. Ampère immediately reported the results to the academy. In a report made on September 18, 1820, he demonstrated his first experiments and concluded them with the following words: "In this regard, I reduced all magnetic phenomena to purely electrical effects." At a meeting on September 25, he developed these ideas further, demonstrating experiments in which spirals flowed around by current (solenoids) interacted with each other like magnets. Ampere's new ideas were not understood by all scientists. Some of his eminent colleagues did not agree with them either. Contemporaries said that after the first report of Ampere on the interaction of conductors with current, the following curious episode occurred. “What, in fact, is new in what you told us?” one of his opponents asked Ampere. “It goes without saying that if two currents have an effect on a magnetic needle, then they also have an effect on each other.” Ampère did not immediately find an answer to this objection. But then Arago came to his aid. He took out two keys from his pocket and said: “Now, each of them also has an effect on the arrow, but they do not act on each other in any way, and therefore your conclusion is erroneous. Ampère discovered, in essence, a new phenomenon, of much greater significance than discovery of Professor Oersted respected by me". Despite the attacks of their scientific opponents. Ampère continued his experiments. He decided to find the law of interaction of currents in the form of a strict mathematical formula and found this law, which now bears his name. So step by step in the works of Ampère a new science grew up - electrodynamics, based on experiments and mathematical theory. All the basic ideas of this science, according to Maxwell, in fact, "came out of the head of this Newton of electricity" in two weeks. From 1820 to 1826, Ampère published a number of theoretical and experimental works on electrodynamics, and at almost every meeting of the Physics Department of the Academy he delivered a report on this topic. In 1826, his final classic work, The Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena Derived Exclusively from Experience, was published. The work on this book took place under very difficult conditions. In one of the letters written at that time, Ampère reported: "I am forced to stay awake late at night ... Being loaded with two courses of lectures, I, however, do not want to completely abandon my work on voltaic conductors and magnets. I have a few minutes" . Ampere's fame grew rapidly; especially flattering scientists spoke of his experimental work on electromagnetism. He was visited by famous physicists, he received a number of invitations from other countries to make presentations on his work. But his health was undermined, and his financial situation was unstable. He was burdened by work at the Polytechnic School and inspector duties. He still dreamed of teaching a course in physics, not mathematics, and reading in an unconventional way, including a new section in the course - electrodynamics, of which he himself was the creator. The most suitable place for this was one of the oldest educational institutions in France - the College de France. After many troubles and intrigues, in 1824 Ampère was elected to the post of professor at the College de France. He was given the chair of general and experimental physics. The last years of Amper's life were overshadowed by many family and work troubles, which seriously affected his already poor health. External signs of success did not bring material well-being. He was still forced to spend a lot of time lecturing to the detriment of his scientific pursuits. But he did not leave science. In 1835, he published a work in which he proved the similarity between light and thermal radiation and showed that all radiation is converted into heat when absorbed. Ampere's passion for geology and biology dates back to this time. He took an active part in the scientific disputes between the famous scientists Cuvier and Saint-Hiller, the forerunners of Darwin's evolutionary theory, and published two biological works in which he presented his point of view on the evolutionary process. At one of the debates, opponents of the idea of the evolution of wildlife asked Ampère whether he really believed that man had descended from a snail. To this, Ampère replied: "I am convinced that man arose according to a law common to all animals." Another passion of Ampère was the classification of sciences. This important methodological and general scientific problem has interested Ampère for a long time, since the time of his work at Bourg-en-Bresse. He developed his own classification system of sciences, which he intended to present in a two-volume essay. In 1834, the first volume of "Experiences in the Philosophy of Sciences or an Analytical Presentation of the Natural Classification of All Human Knowledge" was published. The second volume was published by Ampère's son after his death. Ampère was a great master of inventing new scientific terms. It was he who introduced into the everyday life of scientists such words as "electrostatics", "electrodynamics", "solenoid". Ampère suggested that in the future, a new science of the general laws of management processes is likely to emerge. He suggested calling it "cybernetics". Ampère's prediction came true. Ampère died of pneumonia on 10 June 1836 in Marseille during an inspection trip. There he was buried. Author: Samin D.K.
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