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Calm expected

05.03.2011

Meteorologists from the European Center for Medium-Range Forecasting, having processed data from 822 weather stations scattered throughout Europe, report that at 73% of them, wind speed near the ground decreased by 1979% from 2008 to 15.

In some regions, the average wind speed dropped by five meters per second every ten years. Over the past decades, the wind has also become weaker in China, the US and Australia. What is the reason for such a lull is not entirely clear. Climatologists suggest that due to global warming, the growth of forests and other flora has increased, and as a result, wind friction near the earth's surface has increased.

The mass construction of cities also played a role, especially in China. But the wind speed at a height of 50-100 meters above the ground remained the same. This means that wind energy, which is booming in many countries, has not suffered much.

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American scientists have developed an ultra-thin material that will allow the creation of innovative batteries and other energy conversion devices.

Northwestern University professor Mercurios Kanadzidis, in collaboration with researchers at the Argonne National Laboratory, was looking for a superconductor with unusual properties and unexpectedly created another supermaterial of silver, potassium and selenium (a-KAg3Se2). Its structure consists of 4 layers, and the thickness is only 4 atoms, which allows for the first time to study the motion of charged particles in two-dimensional space.

With the help of superionic conductors, charged ions move in a solid material as freely as they do in liquid electrolytes contained in batteries. Such material easily conducts electricity, but conducts heat poorly, which means it almost does not heat up. Both of these properties make superionic conductors supermaterials for energy storage and conversion devices.

Scientists concluded about the special properties of the material after they heated it to 232 and 315 degrees Celsius. They noticed a shift to a more symmetrical four-layer structure. As it turned out, the process is reversible - it is enough to lower and raise the temperature again. After the transition, the silver ions began to wiggle just as if they were inside a highly salty aqueous electrolyte - one of the fastest ionic conductors known at the moment.

Even if the material, called a-KAg3Se2, cannot be used to make batteries, it will be useful for studying the behavior of ions and creating other 2D materials with high ionic conductivity and low thermal conductivity.

Research on the superionic material could be useful for developing new thermoelectrics that convert heat into electricity in power plants and even from car exhaust. The developments are also proposed to be used to create purification membranes for filters and water desalination.

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