What are newly industrialized countries? Detailed answer

BIG ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS
Free library / Directory / Big encyclopedia for children and adults

What are newly industrialized countries? Detailed answer

Big encyclopedia for children and adults

Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education

Did you know?

What are newly industrialized countries?

The growth of external debt predetermined the direction of the search for a new economic policy for developing countries. Instead of import-substituting industrialization, it was decided to develop export opportunities in every possible way, since the growth of exports gave hope for an easing of the debt burden. The import of foreign capital began to be encouraged. And to attract it, it was necessary to carry out market reforms: to stabilize monetary circulation, for which it was necessary to reduce government spending, privatize the public sector, introduce free prices, etc.

First, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea embarked on this path of development, then Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines joined them.

Using foreign capital and technology, and abundant local labor resources, they managed to create a developed manufacturing industry, working mainly for export and successfully competing in the markets of Western countries. Having created the potential for accelerated development, these countries are achieving consistently high economic growth rates.

For this group of countries, Japan is an example of successful development.

Many of the processes that took place in Japan after the Second World War turned out to be good for her. After the American occupation in Japan, economic and political reforms were carried out that changed Japanese society and its political system. The rights of the emperor were limited by the new constitution, parliamentary democracy with a multi-party system was established in the country, which had not happened before.

The reforms played a big role in the revival of the country and the "Japanese miracle". In just a few decades, Japan has turned from an agrarian country into an industrial superpower. Already by the 1980s. the volume of industrial production in Japan exceeded the level of 1950 by 24 times. The average annual growth rate of production in the 1960s-1970s. accounted for 14,6%, while in the entire capitalist world 5,5%.

Japan is now actively developing the science and technology of tomorrow, the country has a developed infrastructure, education system, health care and social insurance.

Behind these achievements is hard and sometimes exhausting disciplined work. The success of this country is also connected with the state policy, which helps business, the development of science, education, and defends Japan's position in the international arena.

Among the "newly industrialized countries" South Korea has passed a difficult path to progress. In many ways, the tragic events on the Korean Peninsula were the result of the strategic position of the country, which competed with Russia, Japan, the United States, and China. In 1910, Korea became a colony of Japan. After the war, in 1945, North Korea was liberated by the USSR, in South Korea, the surrender of Japanese troops was accepted by the United States. The line of demarcation of the zones of influence of the two powers passed along the 38th parallel. The Soviet-American rivalry ended with the split of the country. In 1948, the Republic of Korea was formed in the south of the peninsula, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the north. The problem of reunification of the country has not been resolved to this day. Relations between the two Korean states were complicated, armed clashes between them became commonplace. In 1950, a civil war began between them, which ended in 1953. It ended in vain, the unification of the country did not happen.

Significant changes have taken place in South Korea since the overthrow of the dictatorial regime of Syngman Rhee. But subsequent regimes, although they were dictatorial, began to modernize the country. Japan has become a model of national and economic development. Much aid to the country came from the United States. Along with capital, new equipment and technologies poured into South Korea. The country has taken a course on the purchase of patents and licenses. In the country, much attention was paid to control over the targeted spending of funds. The advantage of South Korean business was cheap labor. The problem of improving the material situation of the majority of the population in the country remains tense. This also affects the processes of democratization of public life. But the country is trying to solve these problems.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Which movie helped you make the right decisions to save the crew of Apollo 13?

Based on the 1969 film Lost, NASA develops an emergency plan to rescue three astronauts trapped in orbit with a limited supply of oxygen. When the picture was released, Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 had already visited the Moon, and a few months later Apollo 13 flew, on board of which there were also three crew members and an accident also occurred. Ground support engineer Jerry Woodfil had watched The Lost just a couple of hours before and later recalled that the events of the film directly influenced the flow of reasoning and helped to make the right decisions. For example, as in the movies, the astronauts were given instructions to recharge their batteries from a spare set, which was an undocumented possibility.

Test your knowledge! Did you know...

▪ Why do bulls pounce on red clothes?

▪ Who is Kozma Prutkov?

▪ How do punched cards affect the operation of modern mail programs?

See other articles Section Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Machine for thinning flowers in gardens 02.05.2024

In modern agriculture, technological progress is developing aimed at increasing the efficiency of plant care processes. The innovative Florix flower thinning machine was presented in Italy, designed to optimize the harvesting stage. This tool is equipped with mobile arms, allowing it to be easily adapted to the needs of the garden. The operator can adjust the speed of the thin wires by controlling them from the tractor cab using a joystick. This approach significantly increases the efficiency of the flower thinning process, providing the possibility of individual adjustment to the specific conditions of the garden, as well as the variety and type of fruit grown in it. After testing the Florix machine for two years on various types of fruit, the results were very encouraging. Farmers such as Filiberto Montanari, who has used a Florix machine for several years, have reported a significant reduction in the time and labor required to thin flowers. ... >>

Advanced Infrared Microscope 02.05.2024

Microscopes play an important role in scientific research, allowing scientists to delve into structures and processes invisible to the eye. However, various microscopy methods have their limitations, and among them was the limitation of resolution when using the infrared range. But the latest achievements of Japanese researchers from the University of Tokyo open up new prospects for studying the microworld. Scientists from the University of Tokyo have unveiled a new microscope that will revolutionize the capabilities of infrared microscopy. This advanced instrument allows you to see the internal structures of living bacteria with amazing clarity on the nanometer scale. Typically, mid-infrared microscopes are limited by low resolution, but the latest development from Japanese researchers overcomes these limitations. According to scientists, the developed microscope allows creating images with a resolution of up to 120 nanometers, which is 30 times higher than the resolution of traditional microscopes. ... >>

Air trap for insects 01.05.2024

Agriculture is one of the key sectors of the economy, and pest control is an integral part of this process. A team of scientists from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute (ICAR-CPRI), Shimla, has come up with an innovative solution to this problem - a wind-powered insect air trap. This device addresses the shortcomings of traditional pest control methods by providing real-time insect population data. The trap is powered entirely by wind energy, making it an environmentally friendly solution that requires no power. Its unique design allows monitoring of both harmful and beneficial insects, providing a complete overview of the population in any agricultural area. “By assessing target pests at the right time, we can take necessary measures to control both pests and diseases,” says Kapil ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Laser drones against pests 10.01.2022

According to Japanese officials, up to 16% of raw materials for food production in modern conditions are lost due to the impact of pests. At the same time, by the middle of the century, the demand for food will increase by 70% due to population growth, and global warming will only create more favorable conditions for the reproduction of pests. Experts suggest using artificial intelligence-controlled laser weapons to combat them.

So far, Japanese developers from the NARO research association do not even have a prototype laser installation for combating harmful insects, but they expect to conduct field tests next year. The principle of insect control is quite simple: a stereoscopic camera will detect them, and an artificial intelligence system will predict the flight path of pests and shoot them down with a laser pulse, firing with a little lead. The fact is that in 0,03 seconds, which the system needs to aim, the moth manages to fly from six to nine centimeters, so the shooting must be done with automatic adjustment so that the laser pulses are guaranteed to hit the target.

As experimental insects, Japanese experts intend to use adults of the Asian cotton armyworm or corn armyworm, which can cause significant damage to the crop of popular crops in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and India. The moth has linear dimensions of the order of 2-3 cm, which makes it a suitable target for experimental laser installations. According to the calculations of the developers, one laser unit is capable of destroying up to 300 insects per minute. In the future, such pest control can be mounted on unmanned aerial vehicles and sent to work in the fields.

It is important that this method eliminates the use of harmful chemicals to control insects. Such chemicals lose their effectiveness over time, but require a significant investment of time and money to develop. In addition, they are unsafe for the environment.

Other interesting news:

▪ MAX9701 - Class D Audio Power Amplifier

▪ Global transport system with airships

▪ Found interstellar iron

▪ Obtaining graphene from household waste

▪ Visa Next platform for digital payment products

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Electrician's Handbook. Article selection

▪ article Human health and society. Basics of safe life

▪ article What is a promotion? Detailed answer

▪ article Ultra fast clamp. home workshop

▪ article Preparatory work before wiring. Marking work. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Numb wrist. Focus Secret

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews