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How did the Cold War start? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How did the Cold War start? The victory of the members of the anti-Hitler coalition in the war opened a new chapter in the development of civilization. Further development of events could develop along the path of continuing cooperation between the allies. But in practice, a different scenario was realized. The collective actions of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition were replaced by the split of the world into two systems, the confrontation between the USSR and the USA began. A period of sharp aggravation of international relations began, which went down in history under the name of the Cold War and was accompanied by sharp polemics on both sides. One of the first propaganda acts of the Cold War was the speech of the former British Prime Minister W. Churchill, delivered by him on March 5, 1946 in the presence of President Truman in the American city of Fulton. In this speech, Churchill proposed the creation of an "association of English-speaking peoples" to fight against the USSR and communism, which would possess nuclear weapons and could count on overwhelming superiority over the USSR. Faced with the threat of an atomic attack, the USSR accelerated work on creating its own nuclear weapons. On August 29, 1949, the first test of the Soviet atomic bomb took place. But the arms race was not stopped at this stage. In 1952, the USA tested an even more powerful weapon - the hydrogen bomb, the USSR tested such weapons in August 1953. The USA created strategic bombers, and the USSR - intercontinental missiles. An important area of "competition" between the two great powers was the creation of military-political blocs. On April 4, 1949, an agreement on the creation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was signed in Washington. Initially, it included 12 states. This event opened a whole series of US actions aimed at forming around the world a network of its military-political alliances that surrounded the USSR along the entire perimeter of its borders. In 1954, the SEATO bloc was created, which included eight countries: the USA, England, France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, and the Philippines. In 1955, the Baghdad Pact was concluded, which was signed by Turkey, Iraq, Pakistan, Iran and Great Britain. All of them maintained close ties with the United States. The USSR also sought to consolidate its zone of influence. In 1949, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance was formed, which initially, in addition to the USSR, included five countries of Eastern Europe. To balance the influence of NATO, in 1955, under the leadership of the USSR, a military-political union was created - the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVD). The desire of the two powers in any way to change the balance of power in their favor led to the inevitable clash of their interests in all corners of the globe. A situation has developed that some scholars have dubbed conflict stability. This constant conflict often escalated into the most acute international crises, and even military confrontation. The largest event of this kind was the war in Korea, which began in June 1950 as a conflict between two Korean states, but quickly internationalized and even ready to develop into a head-on collision of the two superpowers. Since 1946, there has been a war of French colonialists against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. These war centers have seriously destabilized the situation in the world. After the armistice in Korea in 1953, there was a thaw in international relations. Conferences in Geneva became its two symbols: in April - July 1954 at the level of foreign ministers of 5 great powers (USA, USSR, China, England, France), and in July 1955 at the highest level. During these meetings, it was possible to somewhat reduce the overall charge of confrontation in the world. But the thaw in international relations failed to be consolidated. In the United States, leading politicians continued to advocate the idea of forceful pressure and the use of nuclear weapons. The final point in the short thaw of 1953-1955. staged the Suez crisis (1956), when Great Britain, France and Israel unleashed aggression against Egypt, and the events in Hungary (1956), where an uprising broke out against the system that existed in the country. Author: Irina Tkachenko
What makes your voice change? The type of your voice depends mainly on your vocal cords. The vocal cords are made up of elastic fibers. You can compare them to very good violin strings. The vocal cords may be tense or relaxed. What's more, your vocal cords can take on any of 170 different positions. When the air you exhale hits your vocal cords, they begin to vibrate. This vibration produces sound waves. When the vocal cords are relaxed, they can vibrate at about 80 times per second and produce a low pitched sound as a result. If they are tense, they vibrate more frequently, perhaps up to 1000 times per second, and generate short sound waves, i.e. a high-pitched sound. The child has short vocal cords. Because they produce short air waves, the baby has a high, sonorous voice. As the child grows, the vocal cords become longer. Due to the fact that they become longer, the voice becomes lower. The average length of male vocal cords is longer than that of females, so male voices are lower. In boys, growth is very fast, and the larynx also changes so quickly that they cannot get used to it and control its work. Therefore, very often we say that teenagers "break their voice." Although in general the pitch of the adult voice depends on the length of the vocal cords, each voice belongs to a specific timbre. Voices can be divided into six groups: bass, baritone and tenor for men, alto, mezzo-soprano and soprano for women. The features of the human voice depend on many other things, especially such as the trachea, lungs, nasopharynx and the like. People with beautiful voices have resonant spaces that are shaped, and people know how to control their voice with them.
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