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What changes took place in Europe and the world after World War II? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What changes took place in Europe and the world after World War II? Since World War II, significant changes have occurred in the political, economic and social spheres of the world. One of the key events was the creation of the United Nations (UN) in 1945 to maintain peace and cooperation among nations. Europe, devastated by war, began the process of reconstruction thanks to the Marshall Plan, which provided financial assistance to countries. The process of European integration also began, leading to the creation of the European Union. After World War II, Europe experienced significant changes in the boundaries and structure of states. One of the key moments was the division of Germany into two parts: the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, which existed before unification in 1990. Eastern Europe came under the influence of the Soviet Union, and many countries, including Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, became socialist states within the Soviet sphere of influence. The collapse of colonial empires led to the emergence of new independent states such as India, Pakistan, Israel, as well as countries in Africa and Latin America. Italy abandoned the monarchy and became a republic, and Greece and Turkey transformed their political systems. Finland gained independence from the Soviet Union. The creation of the European Union in 1957 was an attempt to establish close economic and political ties between the countries of Europe, with the aim of preventing future wars and promoting economic development. After the end of World War II, several new states emerged in Europe. Some of them regained their independence, while others were created based on changes in borders and political structures. Some examples include: Federal Republic of Germany (FRG): Created in 1949 as a result of the unification of the West German occupation zones. German Democratic Republic (GDR): Existed from 1949 to 1990 and was an East German socialist state. Italy: After World War II, Italy became a republic instead of a monarchy. Poland: Poland's borders were changed as a result of the Yalta Conference, and the country gained territory in the west and lost some in the east. Czechoslovakia: Czechoslovakia regained its independence, but subsequently split into two independent states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, in 1993. Finland: After World War II, Finland lost some territory to the Soviet Union, but maintained its independence. Austria: Became an independent state after the end of the Allied occupation. Israel: Established in 1948 as an independent state for the Jewish population of the British Mandate of Palestine. The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union shaped global politics. The arms race, the space program and the division of the world into blocs have created a tense global situation. Technological advances after the war led to revolutions in transportation, communications, and medicine. New international organizations have emerged, such as the IMF and the World Bank, regulating financial relations between countries. In general, after the Second World War, profound historical transformations occurred that left a lasting impact on the political map of the world and society as a whole. Author: Irina Tkachenko
When did chemistry appear? Chemistry is the science that studies what objects are made of and how they can be changed. Modern chemistry grew out of a doctrine called alchemy. In the Middle Ages, alchemists were looking for a "philosopher's stone" that could turn other metals into gold. In an effort to do this, they conducted a lot of different experiments. One of the first people who collected and summarized all the information about chemistry as a science was Robert Boyle, who lived in the XNUMXth century. He knew that chemical compounds could be broken down into their component parts. Other chemists followed Boyle in making new discoveries. Josef Black studied gases and air. Henry Cavendish discovered hydrogen - one of the elements that make up water. Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen, the most abundant element in nature. Antoine Lavoisier was the first to explain the nature of fire. He also proved that no substance can be destroyed. It just goes from one state to another. John Dalton had the idea that all substances are made up of tiny particles of matter. Scientists have come to the conclusion that the essence of chemical transformations lies in the combinations of these smallest particles. Now they are called atoms. The idea of the existence of atoms made all the secrets of chemistry simpler and clearer. Chemistry as a science continues to develop, and today the chemist has become the creator of new substances. He learned to split molecules and combine them in various ways.
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