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What was colonial expansion? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What was colonial expansion? Beginning in the sixteenth century the colonial conquests of Europeans expanded with each century, conquering more and more new areas of the East. The colonialists were mainly engaged in unequal trade. In the nineteenth century the picture is changing. It was the time of the colonial conquests of industrial capitalism, when the flow of factory goods began to turn the countries of the East into markets and sources of raw materials. Trade ties became stronger, and Western goods ruined traditional crafts and changed the life of the colonial outskirts. Ownership of colonies raised the prestige of states. By the end of the nineteenth century. the division of the world between European states and the United States was basically completed. The old colonial system gave way to a new system, in which the West did not just plunder the colonies, but penetrated into all spheres of their life: political, economic, social and spiritual. Vast territories of Asia and Africa were turned into colonies and dependent states. The only exception was Japan, which, without any outside interference, but drawing on the achievements of the West, carried out modernization transformations. The onslaught of the industrially developed West on the countries of the East caused mass protest movements. But, on the other hand, the introduction of the industrial West into these regions drew the colonial and dependent countries into the world market and contributed to the development of capitalist relations there. The process of colonial expansion of Western European capitalism especially intensified in the second half of the nineteenth century. During this period, control over Egypt acquired particular importance. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 changed the direction of trade flows. England and France sought to expand their zone of influence in Egypt. England sought to establish its control over the entire largest waterway in Africa - the Nile. That is why in 1884 British troops invaded the Sudan. In this direction, England had a conflict with France, which also sought to establish its control over the Nile zone. The strengthening of England's position in the Eastern Mediterranean prompted France to intensify its actions in North Africa. The French had long been established in Algeria. Now they sought to subjugate Tunisia. In addition, even under Napoleon III, France sought to gain a foothold in Indochina. In the 1880s it intensified its expansion in this region. This caused concern in England. The strengthening of France in this region could threaten the colonial rule of England, primarily in India. In an effort to stop the process of further expansion of the French presence in the region, England captured Burma. Intensive colonial expansion continued to develop on the African continent. The object of French expansion was the northwestern, western and partly central parts of the continent. England focused on the development of the southern regions of the continent. Other European states also took part in the division of Africa. So, Italy captured Eritrea and part of Somalia. Germany began to gain a foothold in what is now Namibia, in Togo and Cameroon. At the same time, Germany stepped up its operations in the Pacific. Complex collisions unfolded around the vast areas of Equatorial Africa, located in the basin of the river. Congo. In this area, the interests of England and France clashed rather sharply. On the issue of the division of these territories, a special international conference was convened, which was held in 1885 in Berlin. At the conference, a compromise solution was adopted, according to which an "independent state of the Congo" was created in the center of Africa, which could actually exploit English, French and German capital. As a result of the rapid development of colonial expansion, the general nature of international relations became more complicated, new complex problems and contradictions appeared in them, leading to an increase in conflict in the world. In colonial policy, Britain and France achieved the greatest success. Germany was clearly losing in this rivalry and felt disadvantaged. Colonial expansion led to the fact that a group of states appeared, dissatisfied with the results of the division of the world. Author: Irina Tkachenko
Who used the Albanian language at the beginning of the 20th century? In 1916, the futurist Zdanevich wrote a play without observing the normative rules of spelling and using "Albanian language". The language of the bastards that appeared in the 2000s, whose spelling is built on similar principles, is sometimes called the "Albanian language", but the coincidence with Zdanevich's experience is accidental.
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