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How was the colonial period different in Latin America? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? How was the colonial period different in Latin America? By the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. in the New World, several types of colonial possessions were formed. The Spaniards were the first to begin the development of South and Central America. By the middle of the seventeenth century they owned vast estates from California to Tierra del Fuego. Almost simultaneously with them, the Portuguese settled on the coast of modern Brazil. Then the British, French and Dutch joined the process of colonization. Thus, most of the Western European countries were involved in this complex process, which in the long run had a huge impact on the entire world history. By the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. in the New World, several types of colonial possessions were formed. Latin America was dominated by the Spanish model of colonialism. Naturally, Spain, like any other metropolis, sought to transfer its rules and customs to overseas colonial possessions. In Spain, the "Royal Council of the Indies" was established, which exercised control over the entire administrative and economic life of the Spanish colonies. On the territory controlled by Spain, a system of viceroyalties was created, which were ruled by viceroys appointed by Madrid. They owned all the military and civil power in the entrusted territory. In the Spanish colonies in America, there were several ways. The feudal system dominated, which was significantly supplemented by slave labor on plantations and mines. Elements of capitalist relations appeared in the cities. The policy of the Spanish authorities in the field of agrarian relations was inconsistent. On the one hand, it kept the Indian community as an administrative and tax unit. On the other hand, another economic institution became widespread - the encomienda, that is, the estate provided to the Spanish noble settlers, who were transferred to the care of the community Indians. They had to work on this estate, and their owners had to take care of introducing the Indians to Christian values and pay a poll tax for them to the treasury. The Spanish colonists brutally exploited the Indians. Their numbers steadily declined, resulting in vast vacant lands that were expropriated by large landowners for their own benefit. This was how the active formation of a layer of large owners - landowners, who gradually began to occupy leading positions in colonial society, proceeded. Their interests often began to diverge from the course pursued by the royal government in the colonies. It should be emphasized that the Spanish regime failed to develop a clear long-term strategy for the economic development of its colonies. His policy in this area was full of contradictions. For the Spanish elite, these territories were primarily a source of huge superprofits due to the export of precious metals from there. However, this work stimulated the colonists to create a certain infrastructure on the ground. But people connected to its functioning began to show dissatisfaction with the guardianship of the Spanish authorities. In this environment, separatist sentiments gradually arose, they turned into one of the sources of social tension in the colonies. An important feature of the colonial society in Latin America was that in it social differences were intertwined with racial and ethnic ones. The Spanish colonists felt more privileged. Below them were the Creoles - the descendants of Spanish settlers born in the colonies. In this environment, those tendencies were born that led in the long term to the formation of a Latin American community. The main part of the population of the Spanish colonies in America were mestizos (various variants of mixing whites, Indians and blacks). The lower rungs of the social hierarchy were Indians and Negroes. Despite severe social inequality, all these groups interacted with each other, formed a qualitatively new civilization - Latin American, which since the XNUMXth century. entered into a complex relationship with European civilization. Author: Irina Tkachenko
Who was Seneca? Lucius Annius Seneca (c. 4-65) is one of the most famous philosophers of Ancient Rome. He was the teacher of the future emperor Nero. During his monstrous reign, Nero understood that the very personality of Seneca, who always embodied the norm and prohibition for him, was an obstacle in his path. Therefore, Nero, the murderer of his mother Agrippina, ordered Seneca to commit suicide.
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